求翻译，必有重谢!!!

Question

There is some disagreement within the surfactant literature as to the exact definition of ‘‘solubilization,’’particularly as the ratio of surfactant to additive decreases, and one approaches the nebulous frontier between swollen micellar
systems and the micro- and macroemulsion regions. For present purposes, solubilization will be defined as the
preparation of a thermodynamically stable, isotropic solution of a substance (the‘‘additive’’) normally insoluble or only
slightly soluble in a given solvent by the addition of one or more amphiphilic compounds at or above their critical
micelle concentration. By the use of such a definition, a broad area can be covered that includes both dilute and
concentrated surfactant solutions, aqueous and nonaqueous solvents, all classes of surfactants and additives, and the
effects of complex interactions such as mixed micelle formation and hydrotropes. It does not, however, limit the
phenomenon to any single mechanism of action. One problem with that definition is that it says nothing about the
relative amounts of surfactant and additive in the system. That question will arise again in the context of microemulsions. For present purposes, we will say that in solubilization,the ratio of additive to surfactant will generally be less than two. The reasons for that limitation will be discussed a bit more later. For a specified solvent system, water or aqueous solutions for example, there are two variables that must be considered in the solubilization process:(1) the molecular nature, purity, and homogeneity of the surfactant and (2) the chemical nature of the additive. From a technological viewpoint, it is important to understand exactly what surfactant structural features serve to maximize the desired solubilizing effect, and the best way to achieve that understanding is through a fundamental knowledge of the molecular
and thermodynamic processes involved. In addition, since most technological applications of solubilization involve
complex multicomponent systems, such factors as temperature, electrolyte content, and the presence of polymeric species
and other solutes must be examined.
with the hydrocarbon tail remaining closely associatied with the micellar core.in some cases,that orientation can potentially have a significant effect on the energetics of the system, as will be discussed in the section on microemulsions

Answer 1

There is some disagreement within the surfactant literature as to the exact definition of ‘‘solubilization,’’particularly as the ratio of surfactant to additive decreases, and one approaches the nebulous frontier between swollen micellar systems and the micro- and macroemulsion regions. For present purposes, solubilization will be defined as the
preparation of a thermodynamically stable, isotropic solution of a substance (the‘‘additive’’) normally insoluble or only slightly soluble in a given solvent by the addition of one or more amphiphilic compounds at or above their critical micelle concentration.
在表面活性剂的文献中，对‘增溶’的确切定义存在一些异议；尤其是随着表面活性剂对添加剂比例的下降，并接近肿胀胶束系统和微乳液与粗乳液区域之间的模糊前沿。作为当前的用途，增溶将被定义为一种物质的各向同性溶液（添加剂）在热力学方面稳定的制剂，在特定溶剂的临界胶束浓度或以上加入一种或多种两亲性化合物，通常会不溶解或只稍微溶解。

By the use of such a definition, a broad area can be covered that includes both dilute and concentrated surfactant solutions, aqueous and nonaqueous solvents, all classes of surfactants and additives, and the effects of complex interactions such as mixed micelle formation and hydrotropes. It does not, however, limit the phenomenon to any single mechanism of action. One problem with that definition is that it says nothing about the relative amounts of surfactant and additive in the system. That question will arise again in the context of microemulsions.
通过使用这个定义，可以涵盖很大范围包括稀释与浓缩的表面活性液体、水性与非水性溶剂、所有级别的表面活性剂与添加剂、以及复杂的相互作用效果例如混合胶束的形成及助水溶物。然而，它没有限制任何单独作用机理的现象。该定义的一个问题是它没有提及系统中表面活性剂与添加剂的相对含量。在微乳液的方面这个问题也会再显现。

For present purposes, we will say that in solubilization, the ratio of additive to surfactant will generally be less than two. The reasons for that limitation will be discussed a bit more later. For a specified solvent system, water or aqueous solutions for example, there are two variables that must be considered in the solubilization process:(1) the molecular nature, purity, and homogeneity of the surfactant and (2) the chemical nature of the additive.
作为目前的用途，我们会指定在增溶里，添加剂对表面活性剂的比例一般会小于二。我们会较后讨论对这个限制的原因。作为一个规定的溶剂体系，例如水或水性溶液，在增溶过程中有两个变数必须要考虑的：（一）表面活性剂的分子本质、纯度及均匀性；（二）添加剂的化学本质。

From a technological viewpoint, it is important to understand exactly what surfactant structural features serve to maximize the desired solubilizing effect, and the best way to achieve that understanding is through a fundamental knowledge of the molecular and thermodynamic processes involved. In addition, since most technological applications of solubilization involve complex multicomponent systems, such factors as temperature, electrolyte content, and the presence of polymeric species and other solutes must be examined.
基于技术观点，很重要的是要精确地了解表面活性剂的什么结构特点能够最大化所期待的增溶效果，实现这目的的最佳方法是通过对涉及的分子与热力作用的基本认识。另外，由于多数的增溶技术运用涉及复杂的多元体系，对这些因素如温度、电解质含量、以及聚合羟基络合物和溶质必须加以检验。
问题补充： with the hydrocarbon tail remaining closely associated with the micellar core，in some cases, that orientation can potentially have a significant effect on the energetics of the system, as will be discussed in the section on microemulsions
由于烃类尾气与胶束内芯保持密切联系，在某种情况下，那种定向可能会对系统的热力有显著的影响，这将会在微乳液的章节讨论。

【英语牛人团】

Answer 2

有一些异议内表面活性剂文学至于确切定义‘‘增溶，"尤其由于比率的表面活性剂附加的的还原，一态度模糊的边疆在膨胀之间胶束系统，micro-，macroemulsion地区。为前

Answer 3

有在表面活化剂文学之内的一些分歧至于‘‘solubilization， ’’particularly的确切的定义，因为表面活化剂比与添加剂减少，并且一个接近暧昧边境在圆鼓的micellar系统和微型和macroemulsion地区之间。对于当前目的，可溶化将被定义成 的物质(the‘‘additive’’)的一种热力学上稳定，各向同性的解答的preparation通常不能溶解或只 在一种特定溶剂的slightly可溶物由一个或更多两性分子的化合物的加法正好在或在他们重要之上的 micelle集中。 使用这样定义，包括两稀释和的宽广的面积可以报道 concentrated表面活化剂解答、含水和非水的溶剂、表面活化剂和添加剂所有类和复杂互作用effects例如混杂的胶束形成和hydrotropes。 它，然而，不限制 对行动任何唯一机制的phenomenon。 那个定义的一个问题是它什么都不说关于 relative相当数量在系统的表面活化剂和添加剂。 那个问题再将出现在微乳液中。 对于当前目的，我们说在可溶化，添加剂比与表面活化剂通常少于二将是。 那个局限的原因将被谈论以后。 对于例如指定的溶解的系统、水或者水溶液，有在可溶化过程中必须考虑的二可变物：(1)分子本质、表面活化剂的纯净和同质性和(2)添加剂的化工本质。 从一个技术观点，正确地了解是重要的什么表面活化剂结构特点服务最大化期望溶解的作用，并且最佳的方式达到那理解是通过根本知识分子 介入的and热力学过程。 另外，因为可溶化的多数技术应用介入
complex多成分的系统、这样因素象温度，电解质内容和聚合物种类出现 必须审查and其他溶质。

Answer 4

在表面活性剂有一些分歧，以文学的溶确切的定义''，''特别是作为表面活性剂添加剂减小，和一个方法比胶束之间的模糊边界肿
系统和微型和macroemulsion地区。对于当前的目的，增溶将被定义为
编写一个热力学稳定的，一个物质（the''additive ''）通常不溶性或只各向同性溶液
微溶于特定溶剂由一个或多个两亲化合物除了以上的关键
胶束浓度。到了这样的定义使用，覆盖面广，可同时包含稀释
集中表面活性剂溶液，水和非水溶剂，表面活性剂和添加剂类，而
复杂的相互作用的影响，如混合胶束的形成和hydrotropes。这不，但是，限制
的现象，任何单一的行动机制。这个定义的一个问题是，它没有什么说的有关
表面活性剂和添加剂在系统中相对含量。这个问题将再次出现在微乳液中。就当前而言，我们会说，在增溶，添加剂表面活性剂的比例一般不超过两个。对于这种限制的原因将讨论多一点以后。对于一个指定的溶剂体系，例如水或水溶液中，有两个必须在溶解过程中考虑的变量：（1）分子的性质，纯度和均匀性和表面活性剂（2）化学性质的添加剂。从技术角度来看，重要的是要准确地了解表面活性剂的结构特征有助于最大限度地所需的增溶作用，并通过分子基础知识的最佳途径是实现这一谅解
和热力学过程的参与。此外，由于大多数技术应用涉及溶
复杂的多组分体系，温度，电解质含量等因素，以及聚合物种的存在
和其他溶质必须进行审查。
其余的烃类尾气的密切缔与胶束core.in某些情况下，有一个方向有可能对系统的能量有显着影响，这将在上一节中讨论微乳