跪求全文：请各位高手帮帮忙
Brain neuropeptide Y and CCK and peripheral adipokine receptors: temporal response in obesity induced by palatable diet
M J Morris, H Chen, R Watts, A Shulkes, D Cameron-Smith
International Journal of Obesity (2008) 32, 249–258; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803716; published online 4 September 2007
最上面一排就是题目 中间的为作者 下面为刊名
我给你试试， 半天后可能发给你。有文章题目吗？
This is all I have, sorry I could not make it.
Morris, M J 1; Chen, H 1; Watts, R 2; Shulkes, A 3; Cameron-Smith, D 2
Institution (1)Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; (2)School of Nutrition and Public Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and (3)Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Title Brain neuropeptide Y and CCK and peripheral adipokine receptors: temporal response in obesity induced by palatable diet.[Article]
Source International Journal of Obesity. 32(2):249-258, February 2008.
Abstract Objective: Palatable food disrupts normal appetite regulation, which may contribute to the etiology of obesity. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cholecystokinin play critical roles in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis, while adiponectin and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) are important for insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation. This study examined the impact of short- and long-term consumption of palatable high-fat diet (HFD) on these critical metabolic regulators.
Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to laboratory chow (12% fat), or cafeteria-style palatable HFD (32% fat) for 2 or 10 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout. Plasma leptin, hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin, and mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, their receptors and CPT-1, in fat and muscles were measured.
Results: Caloric intake of the palatable HFD group was 2-3 times greater than control, resulting in a 37% higher body weight. Fat mass was already increased at 2 weeks; plasma leptin concentrations were 2.4 and 9 times higher than control at 2 and 10 weeks, respectively. Plasma adiponectin was increased at 10 weeks. Muscle adiponectin receptor 1 was increased at 2 weeks, while CPT-1 mRNA was markedly upregulated by HFD at both time points. Hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin content were significantly decreased at 10 weeks.
Conclusion: Palatable HFD induced hyperphagia, fat accumulation, increased adiponectin, leptin and muscle fatty acid oxidation, and reduced hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin. Our data suggest that the adaptive changes in hypothalamic NPY and muscle fatty acid oxidation are insufficient to reverse the progress of obesity and metabolic consequences induced by a palatable HFD.
Copyright (C) 2008 Nature Publishing Group
Author Keywords hyperphagia; adiponectin; adiponectin receptor 1; CPT-1; leptin receptor.
References 1 Prentice AM. Early influences on human energy regulation: thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes. Physiol Behav 2005; 86: 640-645.
2 West DB, York B. Dietary fat, genetic predisposition, and obesity: lessons from animal models. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 505S-512S.
3 Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev 2003; 4: 187-194.
4 Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte DJ, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 2000; 404: 661-671.
5 Williams G, Harrold JA, Cutler DJ. The hypothalamus and the regulation of energy homeostasis: lifting the lid on a black box. Proc Nutr Soc 2000; 59: 385-396.
6 Wynne K, Stanley S, McGowan B, Bloom S. Appetite control. J Endocrinol 2005; 184: 291-318.
7 Williams G, Bing C, Cai XJ, Harrold JA, King PJ, Liu XH. The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: different circuits, different purposes. Physiol Behav 2001; 74: 683-701.
8 Egawa M, Yoshimatsu H, Bray GA. Neuropeptide Y suppresses sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: R328-R334.
9 Beglinger C, Degen L. Fat in the intestine as a regulator of appetite role of CCK. Physiol Behav 2004; 83: 617-621.
10 Blevins JE, Stanley BG, Reidelberger RD. Brain regions where cholecystokinin suppresses feeding in rats. Brain Res 2000; 860: 1-10.
11 Covasa M, Marcuson JK, Ritter RC. Diminished satiation in rats exposed to elevated levels of endogenous or exogenous cholecystokinin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 280: R331-337.
12 Weiland TJ, Voudouris NJ, Kent S. The role of CCK2 receptors in energy homeostasis: insights from the CCK2 receptor-deficient mouse. Physiol Behav 2004; 82: 471-476.
13 Beltowski J. Adiponectin and resistin-new hormones of white adipose tissue. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: RA55-RA61.
14 Vionnet N, Hani E-H, Dupont S, Gallina S, Francke S, Dotte S et al. Genome wide search for type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes in French whites: evidence for a novel susceptibility locus for early-onset diabetes on chromosome 3q27-qter and independent replication of a type 2-diabetes locus on chromosome 1q21-q24. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 1470-1480.
15 Foster DW. The role of the carnitine system in human metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1033: 1-16.
16 Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Bang H, Couper D, Ballantyne CM et al. Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2473-2478.
17 Cote M, Mauriege P, Bergeron J, Almeras N, Tremblay A, Lemieux I et al. Adiponectinemia in visceral obesity: impact on glucose tolerance and plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 90: 1434-1439.
18 Kim J-Y, Hickner RC, Cortright RL, Dohm GL, Houmard JA. Lipid oxidation is reduced in obese human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279: E1039-E1044.
19 Bruce CR, Thrush AB, Mertz VA, Bezaire V, Chabowski A, Heigenhauser GJF et al. Endurance training in obese humans improves glucose tolerance, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and alters muscle lipid content. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291: E99-E107.
20 Erlanson-Albertsson C. How palatable food disrupts appetite regulation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 97: 61-73.
21 Hansen MJ, Ball MJ, Morris MJ. Enhanced inhibitory feeding response to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in the diet-induced obese rat. Brain Res 2001; 892: 130-137.
22 Hansen MJ, Jovanovska V, Morris MJ. Adaptive responses in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in the face of prolonged high-fat feeding in the rat. J Neurochem 2004; 88: 909-916.
23 Morris MJ, Russell AE, Kapoor V, Cain MD, Elliott JM, West MJ et al. Increases in plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations during sympathetic activation in man. J Auton Nerv Syst 1986; 17: 143-149.
24 Zavros Y, Shulkes A. Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates somatostatin secretion through both the CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptors in sheep. J Physiol 1997; 505: 811-821.
25 Murphy RM, Watt KKO, Cameron-Smith D, Gibbons CJ, Snow RJ. Effects of creatine supplementation on housekeeping genes in human skeletal muscle using real-time RT-PCR. Physiol Genomics 2003; 12: 163-174.
26 Wang H, Storlien LH, Huang XF. Effects of dietary fat types on body fatness, leptin, and ARC leptin receptor, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 282: E1352-E1359.
27 Ziotopoulou M, Mantzoros CS, Hileman SM, Flier JS. Differential expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in the early phase of diet-induced obesity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279: E838-E845.
28 Huang XF, Xin X, McLennan P, Storlien L. Role of fat amount and type in ameliorating diet-induced obesity: insights at the level of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004; 6: 35-44.
29 Petro AE, Cotter J, Cooper DA, Peters JC, Surwit SJ, Surwit RS. Fat, carbohydrate, and calories in the development of diabetes and obesity in the C57BL/6J mouse. Metabolism 2004; 53: 454-457.
30 Ghibaudi L, Cook J, Farley C, van Heek M, Hwa JJ. Fat intake affects adiposity, comorbidity factors, and energy metabolism of Sprague-Dawley rats. Obes Res 2002; 10: 956-963.
31 Koob GF, Moal ML. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 1997; 278: 52-58.
32 Levine AS, Kotz CM, Gosnell BA. Sugars and fats: the neurobiology of preference. J Nutr 2003; 133: 831S-8834.
33 Saper CB, Chou TC, Elmquist JK. The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron 2002; 36: 199-211.
34 Baskin DG, Breininger JF, Schwartz MW. Leptin receptor mRNA identifies a subpopulation of neuropeptide Y neurons activated by fasting in rat hypothalamus. Diabetes 1999; 48: 828-833.
35 Stephens TW, Basinski M, Bristow PK, Bue-Valleskey JM, Burgett SG, Craft L et al. The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product. Nature 1995; 377: 530-532.
36 Lee J, Morris MJ. Modulation of neuropeptide Y overflow by leptin in the rat hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and medulla. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 1575-1580.
37 Halaas JL, Boozer C, Blair-West J, Fidahusein N, Denton DA, Friedman JM. Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 8878-8883.
38 Broberger C, Johansen J, Brismar H, Johansson C, Schalling M, Hokfelt T. Changes in neuropeptide Y receptors and proopiomelanocortin in the anorexia (anx/anx) mouse hypothalamus. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 7130-7139.
39 Levin BE. Arcuate NPY neurons and energy homeostasis in diet-induced obese and resistant rats. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: R382-R387.
40 Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425-432.
41 Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Burlet A, Nicolas JP, Burlet C. Influence of diet composition on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Neuropeptides 1990; 17: 197-203.
42 Wilding JP, Gilbey SG, Mannan M, Aslam N, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Increased neuropeptide Y content in individual hypothalamic nuclei, but not neuropeptide Y mRNA, in diet-induced obesity in rats. J Endocrinol 1992; 132: 299-304.
43 Huang XF, Han M, Storlien LH. The level of NPY receptor mRNA expression in diet-induced obese and resistant mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2003; 115: 21-28.
44 Bi S, Ladenheim EE, Schwartz GJ, Moran TH. A role for NPY overexpression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus in hyperphagia and obesity of OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R254-R260.
45 Widdowson PS, Upton R, Henderson L, Buckingham R, Wilson S, Williams G. Reciprocal regional changes in brain NPY receptor density during dietary restriction and dietary-induced obesity in the rat. Brain Res 1997; 774: 1-10.
46 Geary N. Endocrine controls of eating: CCK, leptin, and ghrelin. Physiol Behav 2004; 81: 719-733.
47 Saito A, Williams JA, Goldfine ID. Alterations in brain cholecystokinin receptors after fasting. Nature 1981; 289: 599-600.
48 Straus E, Yalow RS. Gastrointestinal peptides in the brain. Fed Proc 1979; 38: 2320-2324.
49 Oku J, Inoue S, Glick Z, Bray GA, Walsh JH. Cholecystokinin, bombesin and neurotensin in brain tissue from obese animals. Int J Obes 1984; 8: 171-182.
50 Morris MJ, Cox HS, Lambert GW, Kaye DM, Jennings GL, Meredith IT et al. Region-specific neuropeptide Y overflows at rest and during sympathetic activation in humans. Hypertension 1997; 29: 137-143.
51 Zukowska Z, Pons J, Lee EW, Li L. Neuropeptide Y: a new mediator linking sympathetic nerves, blood vessels and immune system? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 81: 89-94.
52 Howe PR, Rogers PF, Morris MJ, Chalmers JP, Smith RM. Plasma catecholamines and neuropeptide-Y as indices of sympathetic nerve activity in normotensive and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986; 8: 1113-1121.
53 Morris MJ, Kapoor V, Chalmers J. Plasma neuropeptide Y concentration is increased after hemorrhage in conscious rats: relative contributions of sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987; 9: 541-545.
54 Eslami P, Tuck M. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in linking obesity with hypertension in white versus black Americans. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003; 5: 269-272.
55 Amador N, Guizar JM, Malacara JM, Perez-Luque E, Paniagua R. Sympathetic activity and response to ACE inhibitor (enalapril) in normotensive obese and non-obese subjects. Arch Med Res 2004; 35: 54-58.
56 Rumantir MS, Vaz M, Jennings GL, Collier G, Kaye DM, Seals DR et al. Neural mechanisms in human obesity-related hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 1125-1133.
57 Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gomez JM, Gutierrez C et al. Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obesity Res 2004; 12: 962-971.
58 English PJ, Coughlin SR, Hayden K, Malik IA, Wilding JP. Plasma adiponectin increases postprandially in obese, but not in lean, subjects. Obes Res 2003; 11: 839-844.
59 Morris MJ, Velkoska E, Cole TJ. Central and peripheral contributions to obesity-associated hypertension: impact of early overnourishment. Exp Physiol 2005; 90: 697-702.
60 Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid utilization by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med 2002; 8: 1288-1295.
61 Kushi A, Sasai H, Koizumi H, Takeda N, Yokoyama M, Nakamura M. Obesity and mild hyperinsulinemia found in neuropeptide YY1 receptor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 15659-15664.
62 Bruce CR, Mertz VA, Heigenhauser GJF, Dyck DJ. The stimulatory effect of globular adiponectin on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation is impaired in skeletal muscle from obese subjects. Diabetes 2005; 54: 3154-3160.
63 Tsuchida A, Yamauchi T, Ito Y, Hada Y, Maki T, Takekawa S et al. Insulin/Foxo1 pathway regulates expression levels of adiponectin receptors and adiponectin sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 30817-30822.
64 Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Tsuchida A, Yokomizo T, Kita S et al. Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects. Nature 2003; 423: 762-769.
65 Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev 2005; 26: 439-451.
66 Dulloo AG. A role for suppressed skeletal muscle thermogenesis in pathways from weight fluctuations to the insulin resistance syndrome. Acta Physiol Scand 2005; 184: 295-307.
67 Kamohara S, Burcelin R, Halaas JL, Friedman JM, Charron MJ. Acute stimulation of glucose metabolism in mice by leptin treatment. Nature 1997; 389: 374-377.
68 Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, White JV, Rossetti L. Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2438-2446.
69 Colberg SR, Simoneau JA, Thaete FL, Kelley DE. Skeletal muscle utilization of free fatty acids in women with visceral obesity. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1846-1853.
This is all I have, sorry I could not make it.
Morris, M J 1; Chen, H 1; Watts, R 2; Shulkes, A 3; Cameron-Smith, D 2
Institution (1)Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; (2)School of Nutrition and Public Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and (3)Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Title Brain neuropeptide Y and CCK and peripheral adipokine receptors: temporal response in obesity induced by palatable diet.[Article]
Source International Journal of Obesity. 32(2):249-258, February 2008.
Abstract Objective: Palatable food disrupts normal appetite regulation, which may contribute to the etiology of obesity. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cholecystokinin play critical roles in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis, while adiponectin and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) are important for insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation. This study examined the impact of short- and long-term consumption of palatable high-fat diet (HFD) on these critical metabolic regulators.
Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to laboratory chow (12% fat), or cafeteria-style palatable HFD (32% fat) for 2 or 10 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout. Plasma leptin, hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin, and mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, their receptors and CPT-1, in fat and muscles were measured.
Results: Caloric intake of the palatable HFD group was 2-3 times greater than control, resulting in a 37% higher body weight. Fat mass was already increased at 2 weeks; plasma leptin concentrations were 2.4 and 9 times higher than control at 2 and 10 weeks, respectively. Plasma adiponectin was increased at 10 weeks. Muscle adiponectin receptor 1 was increased at 2 weeks, while CPT-1 mRNA was markedly upregulated by HFD at both time points. Hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin content were significantly decreased at 10 weeks.
Conclusion: Palatable HFD induced hyperphagia, fat accumulation, increased adiponectin, leptin and muscle fatty acid oxidation, and reduced hypothalamic NPY and cholecystokinin. Our data suggest that the adaptive changes in hypothalamic NPY and muscle fatty acid oxidation are insufficient to reverse the progress of obesity and metabolic consequences induced by a palatable HFD.
Copyright (C) 2008 Nature Publishing Group
Author Keywords hyperphagia; adiponectin; adiponectin receptor 1; CPT-1; leptin receptor.
References 1 Prentice AM. Early influences on human energy regulation: thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes. Physiol Behav 2005; 86: 640-645.
2 West DB, York B. Dietary fat, genetic predisposition, and obesity: lessons from animal models. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 505S-512S.
3 Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible mechanistic link. Obes Rev 2003; 4: 187-194.
4 Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte DJ, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 2000; 404: 661-671.
5 Williams G, Harrold JA, Cutler DJ. The hypothalamus and the regulation of energy homeostasis: lifting the lid on a black box. Proc Nutr Soc 2000; 59: 385-396.
6 Wynne K, Stanley S, McGowan B, Bloom S. Appetite control. J Endocrinol 2005; 184: 291-318.
7 Williams G, Bing C, Cai XJ, Harrold JA, King PJ, Liu XH. The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: different circuits, different purposes. Physiol Behav 2001; 74: 683-701.
8 Egawa M, Yoshimatsu H, Bray GA. Neuropeptide Y suppresses sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: R328-R334.
9 Beglinger C, Degen L. Fat in the intestine as a regulator of appetite role of CCK. Physiol Behav 2004; 83: 617-621.
10 Blevins JE, Stanley BG, Reidelberger RD. Brain regions where cholecystokinin suppresses feeding in rats. Brain Res 2000; 860: 1-10.
11 Covasa M, Marcuson JK, Ritter RC. Diminished satiation in rats exposed to elevated levels of endogenous or exogenous cholecystokinin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 280: R331-337.
12 Weiland TJ, Voudouris NJ, Kent S. The role of CCK2 receptors in energy homeostasis: insights from the CCK2 receptor-deficient mouse. Physiol Behav 2004; 82: 471-476.
13 Beltowski J. Adiponectin and resistin-new hormones of white adipose tissue. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: RA55-RA61.
14 Vionnet N, Hani E-H, Dupont S, Gallina S, Francke S, Dotte S et al. Genome wide search for type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes in French whites: evidence for a novel susceptibility locus for early-onset diabetes on chromosome 3q27-qter and independent replication of a type 2-diabetes locus on chromosome 1q21-q24. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 1470-1480.
15 Foster DW. The role of the carnitine system in human metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1033: 1-16.
16 Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Bang H, Couper D, Ballantyne CM et al. Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2473-2478.
17 Cote M, Mauriege P, Bergeron J, Almeras N, Tremblay A, Lemieux I et al. Adiponectinemia in visceral obesity: impact on glucose tolerance and plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 90: 1434-1439.
18 Kim J-Y, Hickner RC, Cortright RL, Dohm GL, Houmard JA. Lipid oxidation is reduced in obese human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279: E1039-E1044.
19 Bruce CR, Thrush AB, Mertz VA, Bezaire V, Chabowski A, Heigenhauser GJF et al. Endurance training in obese humans improves glucose tolerance, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and alters muscle lipid content. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291: E99-E107.
20 Erlanson-Albertsson C. How palatable food disrupts appetite regulation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 97: 61-73.
21 Hansen MJ, Ball MJ, Morris MJ. Enhanced inhibitory feeding response to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in the diet-induced obese rat. Brain Res 2001; 892: 130-137.
22 Hansen MJ, Jovanovska V, Morris MJ. Adaptive responses in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in the face of prolonged high-fat feeding in the rat. J Neurochem 2004; 88: 909-916.
23 Morris MJ, Russell AE, Kapoor V, Cain MD, Elliott JM, West MJ et al. Increases in plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations during sympathetic activation in man. J Auton Nerv Syst 1986; 17: 143-149.
24 Zavros Y, Shulkes A. Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates somatostatin secretion through both the CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptors in sheep. J Physiol 1997; 505: 811-821.
25 Murphy RM, Watt KKO, Cameron-Smith D, Gibbons CJ, Snow RJ. Effects of creatine supplementation on housekeeping genes in human skeletal muscle using real-time RT-PCR. Physiol Genomics 2003; 12: 163-174.
26 Wang H, Storlien LH, Huang XF. Effects of dietary fat types on body fatness, leptin, and ARC leptin receptor, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 282: E1352-E1359.
27 Ziotopoulou M, Mantzoros CS, Hileman SM, Flier JS. Differential expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in the early phase of diet-induced obesity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279: E838-E845.
28 Huang XF, Xin X, McLennan P, Storlien L. Role of fat amount and type in ameliorating diet-induced obesity: insights at the level of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004; 6: 35-44.
29 Petro AE, Cotter J, Cooper DA, Peters JC, Surwit SJ, Surwit RS. Fat, carbohydrate, and calories in the development of diabetes and obesity in the C57BL/6J mouse. Metabolism 2004; 53: 454-457.
30 Ghibaudi L, Cook J, Farley C, van Heek M, Hwa JJ. Fat intake affects adiposity, comorbidity factors, and energy metabolism of Sprague-Dawley rats. Obes Res 2002; 10: 956-963.
31 Koob GF, Moal ML. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 1997; 278: 52-58.
32 Levine AS, Kotz CM, Gosnell BA. Sugars and fats: the neurobiology of preference. J Nutr 2003; 133: 831S-8834.
33 Saper CB, Chou TC, Elmquist JK. The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron 2002; 36: 199-211.
34 Baskin DG, Breininger JF, Schwartz MW. Leptin receptor mRNA identifies a subpopulation of neuropeptide Y neurons activated by fasting in rat hypothalamus. Diabetes 1999; 48: 828-833.
35 Stephens TW, Basinski M, Bristow PK, Bue-Valleskey JM, Burgett SG, Craft L et al. The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product. Nature 1995; 377: 530-532.
36 Lee J, Morris MJ. Modulation of neuropeptide Y overflow by leptin in the rat hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and medulla. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 1575-1580.
37 Halaas JL, Boozer C, Blair-West J, Fidahusein N, Denton DA, Friedman JM. Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 8878-8883.
38 Broberger C, Johansen J, Brismar H, Johansson C, Schalling M, Hokfelt T. Changes in neuropeptide Y receptors and proopiomelanocortin in the anorexia (anx/anx) mouse hypothalamus. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 7130-7139.
39 Levin BE. Arcuate NPY neurons and energy homeostasis in diet-induced obese and resistant rats. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: R382-R387.
40 Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425-432.
41 Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Burlet A, Nicolas JP, Burlet C. Influence of diet composition on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Neuropeptides 1990; 17: 197-203.
42 Wilding JP, Gilbey SG, Mannan M, Aslam N, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Increased neuropeptide Y content in individual hypothalamic nuclei, but not neuropeptide Y mRNA, in diet-induced obesity in rats. J Endocrinol 1992; 132: 299-304.
43 Huang XF, Han M, Storlien LH. The level of NPY receptor mRNA expression in diet-induced obese and resistant mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2003; 115: 21-28.
44 Bi S, Ladenheim EE, Schwartz GJ, Moran TH. A role for NPY overexpression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus in hyperphagia and obesity of OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R254-R260.
45 Widdowson PS, Upton R, Henderson L, Buckingham R, Wilson S, Williams G. Reciprocal regional changes in brain NPY receptor density during dietary restriction and dietary-induced obesity in the rat. Brain Res 1997; 774: 1-10.
46 Geary N. Endocrine controls of eating: CCK, leptin, and ghrelin. Physiol Behav 2004; 81: 719-733.
47 Saito A, Williams JA, Goldfine ID. Alterations in brain cholecystokinin receptors after fasting. Nature 1981; 289: 599-600.
48 Straus E, Yalow RS. Gastrointestinal peptides in the brain. Fed Proc 1979; 38: 2320-2324.
49 Oku J, Inoue S, Glick Z, Bray GA, Walsh JH. Cholecystokinin, bombesin and neurotensin in brain tissue from obese animals. Int J Obes 1984; 8: 171-182.
50 Morris MJ, Cox HS, Lambert GW, Kaye DM, Jennings GL, Meredith IT et al. Region-specific neuropeptide Y overflows at rest and during sympathetic activation in humans. Hypertension 1997; 29: 137-143.
51 Zukowska Z, Pons J, Lee EW, Li L. Neuropeptide Y: a new mediator linking sympathetic nerves, blood vessels and immune system? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 81: 89-94.
52 Howe PR, Rogers PF, Morris MJ, Chalmers JP, Smith RM. Plasma catecholamines and neuropeptide-Y as indices of sympathetic nerve activity in normotensive and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986; 8: 1113-1121.
53 Morris MJ, Kapoor V, Chalmers J. Plasma neuropeptide Y concentration is increased after hemorrhage in conscious rats: relative contributions of sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987; 9: 541-545.
54 Eslami P, Tuck M. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in linking obesity with hypertension in white versus black Americans. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003; 5: 269-272.
55 Amador N, Guizar JM, Malacara JM, Perez-Luque E, Paniagua R. Sympathetic activity and response to ACE inhibitor (enalapril) in normotensive obese and non-obese subjects. Arch Med Res 2004; 35: 54-58.
56 Rumantir MS, Vaz M, Jennings GL, Collier G, Kaye DM, Seals DR et al. Neural mechanisms in human obesity-related hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 1125-1133.
57 Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gomez JM, Gutierrez C et al. Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obesity Res 2004; 12: 962-971.
58 English PJ, Coughlin SR, Hayden K, Malik IA, Wilding JP. Plasma adiponectin increases postprandially in obese, but not in lean, subjects. Obes Res 2003; 11: 839-844.
59 Morris MJ, Velkoska E, Cole TJ. Central and peripheral contributions to obesity-associated hypertension: impact of early overnourishment. Exp Physiol 2005; 90: 697-702.
60 Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid utilization by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med 2002; 8: 1288-1295.
61 Kushi A, Sasai H, Koizumi H, Takeda N, Yokoyama M, Nakamura M. Obesity and mild hyperinsulinemia found in neuropeptide YY1 receptor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 15659-15664.
62 Bruce CR, Mertz VA, Heigenhauser GJF, Dyck DJ. The stimulatory effect of globular adiponectin on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation is impaired in skeletal muscle from obese subjects. Diabetes 2005; 54: 3154-3160.
63 Tsuchida A, Yamauchi T, Ito Y, Hada Y, Maki T, Takekawa S et al. Insulin/Foxo1 pathway regulates expression levels of adiponectin receptors and adiponectin sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 30817-30822.
64 Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Tsuchida A, Yokomizo T, Kita S et al. Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects. Nature 2003; 423: 762-769.
65 Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev 2005; 26: 439-451.
66 Dulloo AG. A role for suppressed skeletal muscle thermogenesis in pathways from weight fluctuations to the insulin resistance syndrome. Acta Physiol Scand 2005; 184: 295-307.
67 Kamohara S, Burcelin R, Halaas JL, Friedman JM, Charron MJ. Acute stimulation of glucose metabolism in mice by leptin treatment. Nature 1997; 389: 374-377.
68 Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, White JV, Rossetti L. Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2438-2446.
69 Colberg SR, Simoneau JA, Thaete FL, Kelley DE. Skeletal muscle utilization of free fatty acids in women with visceral obesity. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1846-1853.
温馨提示：内容为网友见解，仅供参考
无其他回答
相似回答
