急!哪位英语高手能帮小弟翻译一篇文章!不胜感激!(非翻译机器版)

Question

就纽曼的观点来反思我国高等教育，首先，大学作为一个教育的场所应该给学生提供一个自由学习和交流的平台，扩大大学学科传授范畴，在博识多学者中耳濡目染，形成纯洁明净的思想氛围。学生从中接受“自由教育”，形成“哲学习惯”。而我国高校学科传授侧重专业科目习得，进入大学后大部分只需重点学习本专业课程，缺乏强大的人文通识教育作为基础。而所有知识的分支都是相互关联、融会贯通的，所以无论是学习什么专业，都应广泛涉猎各个学科的知识。即使它们看似并不相关，却能给予我们更多的智慧，让我们可以用更广阔的视野去思考、学习和生活。第二，我国体制内的教育离“自由”二字太遥远，政治对学校教育的干涉严重过度。我们常说，知识分子应当追求独立精神，对于个人学习知识、教育思考也同样是这个道理。这些本身就应该是自由、纯净而独立的。但在中国体制下，知识本身很难为其单纯目的而求索，往往成为某些手段和工具，对师生造成极大束缚和限制。这种情况之下，“自由教育”又从何谈起？第三，功利主义在中国高校内严重泛滥。纽曼说，“知识本身即为目的”，它更多的是强调在学习知识过程中的自由享受，而非其他目的和结果。而在中国，在接受高考应试教育的熏陶以及社会大环境的浸染后，许多学生是带着极强的目的性进入大学学习知识的。此目的绝非知识本身，取而代之的是相当功利的物质与现实需求。学习一门课程，不是关注它所包含的知识，不是带着对真理的求索，不是当成发现自我的探寻，而是关注怎么好过关，怎么拿高分。从而知识变成了有用的工具，取得资格证的桥梁，所谓出人头地的手段。
就洪堡的观点来反思我国的高等教育，首先，洪堡的学术自由不仅包括教师教的自由、研究自由，还包括学生的学习自由、研究自由。就我国目前情况而言，存在两方面的问题：其一就是由于国内高等教育长期以来政教不分，科研发展往往受到国家政治经济因素的影响较多，高校科研人员要专注于学术工作往往“分身乏术”；其二就是由于学生的学习和研究往往由于导师个人的研究方向所决定，不能享受充分的学术自由，并不利于自身创造能力的培养。而洪堡的学术自由思想为我们的高等教育提供了借鉴，即学校和导师应该为学生提供一种适宜的学习和研究的自由环境。第二，《中华人民共和国高等教育法》中提到：“高等教育的任务是培养具有创新精神和实践能力的高级专门人才，发展科学技术文化，促进社会主义现代化建设。”这里面存在一个问题即只着眼于受教育者的一个角色和一个方面，容易导致教育的片面化和功利化。而洪堡所提出的“完人”则更多的是把受教育者定位于一个完整而丰富的人，有助于受教育者的全面发展以及综合素质水平的提高。因此教育的目的在本质上首先应当是培养“人”，而不是将培养“人力”或其他什么仅供利用的工具，这是我国教育必须坚持的基本立场。第三，洪堡所提出的“教学与科研相结合”为各国大学所争相效仿，但是以教学为主还是以科研为主体的矛盾至今仍然未可知。我国高校现在存在一个明显的倾向即：重科研，轻教学。科研活动与教学活动相比具有高产性、直观性和速显性，能够为高校带来声望和荣誉。而与科研相比，教学则具有长效性和内隐性，所以受到了有意、无意的冷落。在高等学校里，教学与科研是相互依存、互相促进的，教学是科研的基础，科研是教学的发展和提高，两者综合是优化资源配置和发展教育与科技的最佳选择。因此教师不仅要提高学术水平也要提高教学质量。学生不仅要在教学中掌握基本的知识和技能，还要在科研活动中发展创造能力和培养创新精神。

Answer 1

Newman's point of view to reflect on our country's higher education, first of all, the university as a place of education should give students a free learning and communication platform, expanding university disciplines teaching category, in more knowledgeable scholars, form a pure and clear thinking.Students form to accept "liberal education", "habit" philosophy.And subject teaching in colleges and universities focus on specialized subject acquisition, after entering the university most of the need to focus on learning the professional courses, the lack of a strong humanistic general education as the foundation.And all branches of knowledge are connected to each other, and achieve mastery through a comprehensive, so whether it is to learn what major, should be widely with various disciplines of knowledge.Even if they seem not relevant, but it can give us more wisdom, let we can use a broader view to think, study and life.Second, the education system in our country from the "free" the word is too far away, political interference seriously excessive of school education.We often say that intellectuals should pursue independence spirit, for individual learning knowledge, education thinking also is this truth.These itself should be free, pure and independent.But in China under the system, knowledge itself is not the simple purpose and probe, tend to be some means and tools, badly bound for the teachers and students, and restrictions.This case, what is "liberal education" and?Third, the utilitarianism severe flooding in colleges and universities in China.Newman said, "knowledge itself is for the purpose of", it is more emphasized in the process of learning knowledge freedom to enjoy, rather than for other purposes and results.In China, in the college entrance examination of the influence of the exam-oriented education and social environment after impregnation, many students are with strong purpose to enter university to study knowledge.This is not the knowledge itself, instead, quite a utilitarian material and realistic demand.A course not attention to study knowledge, it contains is not with the search for truth, not a discovery of self exploring, but focus on how good pass, how to get high marks.Thus knowledge becomes a useful tool, licensed bridge, called the means of getting ahead.
Humboldt's point of view to reflect on our country's higher education, first of all, Humboldt's academic freedom not only includes the freedom of teachers to teach, research, including freedom of students' learning and research.In terms of current situation in our country, there are two problems: one is that due to higher education in China for a long time regardless of church and state, scientific research and development is often influenced by world political and economic factors is more, university scientific research personnel should focus on academic work often "overwhelmed";Second is the student's study and research is often due to the research direction of teacher personal decision, cannot enjoy full of academic freedom, is not conducive to the cultivation of creative ability.And the ideas of academic freedom in Humboldt's is used for reference for our higher education, the school and teachers should provide students with a good study and research of free environment.Second, the higher education law of the People's Republic of China: "the task of higher education is to cultivate senior specialized talents with innovative spirit and practice ability, develop science and technology culture, promote the construction of socialist modernization."There is a problem which only focus on a character of educatees and one aspect, easy to cause the one-sided and utilitarian education.Humboldt proposed, on the other hand, are "perfect" is more of the educatees in a complete and rich people, contribute to the all-round development of the educatee and the improvement of comprehensive quality.Therefore, in essence, first of all, the purpose of education should be to cultivate "person", rather than to develop "human" or whatever is only for use of tools, this is our country education must adhere to the basic position.Third, Humboldt "proposed by the combination of teaching and scientific research" for universities around the world are scrambling to follow, but is given priority to with teaching and scientific research as the main body of contradictions are still unknown.Now there is an obvious tendency in colleges and universities: heavy scientific research and teaching.Scientific research and teaching activities compared with high yield, intuitive, and dominant, can bring fame and honor for colleges and universities.And compared with scientific research, teaching has longer and hidden within, so by intentionally and unintentionally.In institutions of higher learning, teaching and scientific research are interdependent and promote each other, teaching is the foundation of scientific research, scientific research is the development of teaching and improve the combination is to optimize the allocation of resources and the best choice for developing education and science and technology.So teachers should not only improve the teaching quality of higher academic level.Students should not only master the basic knowledge and skills in teaching, but also in the scientific research development ability and cultivate the innovative spirit.