by 和on 的用法

Question

都有那些词性？细说，摆脱各位了！

Answer 1

介词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳：

一、by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在…旁边”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。

She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。

After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海·春）晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。

注：有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。

As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形）当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。

二、by+时间名词。意为：“到…时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于…，在…之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock等。

By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海·春）到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。

The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。

三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。

1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。

Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。

In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里，烟叶按捆卖，鸡蛋按打卖，盐按磅卖。

2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。

As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知，行李的运费是按重量计算的。

3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“通过…，由…，乘…”。如by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。（on foot)

It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，公路比较快。

“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢？”

4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“靠…，通过…，由…所致”。如：by skill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。

Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002阅读）虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找，但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气，找到了它。

I made a coat with my own hands.It was made by hand,not by machine. 我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的，而不是机器织的。

5、by+ 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径，意为：“通过（某物、某地），取道…”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。

The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。

6、by+动词—ing.意为：“通过…，靠…，凭…”。如：by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。

He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。

Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，大脑是靠学习开发的。

四、by+数量词。

1、表升降、增减的程度。如：by one-fifth/20 percent/￡3/two feet等。

With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十，这家公司今年的业绩极好。

The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。

2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如：by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。

Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002上海）幸运地是，那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。

The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽，两米长，一次至少可以睡四个人。

五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分，常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。

The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。

The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。

六、by的常见短语：

by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/take…by surprise/learn…by heart/what do you mean by …/by my watch等。

关于On的用法：
(1) 作介词：
1. 表示位置：在……上
Mary’s coat is on the desk .
They’re going to work on a farm .
There are many apples on the trees .
I have them on this piece of paper .
There was a big smile on her face .
Jim and Li Lei meet on the road outside Li Lei’s house .
Which channel is it on ?
2. 表示时间：在……（天）
Everyone eats mooncakes on Mid-Autumn Day .
They arrived early on a Tuesday morning .
I eat mooncakes on that day .
I was born on February 18 , 1981 .
Either Tuesday or Wednesday is OK . I’ll be free on these days .
3. 关于……
In the library she has got books on many different subjects .
(2) 作副词，与动词连用，构成短语：
1. come on跟我来，加油
“Come on !”they shouted .
2. get on上（车）
Let’s get on the bus .
3. get on with（sb. ）与（某人相处）
Usually we get on very well with each other .
4. go on继续
Autumn starts in August , and goes on to October .
Go on until you reach the end .
5. hold on（for a moment）别挂断电话，等一等
A : Hello ! Could I speak to the headmaster , please ?
B : Hold on for a moment , please . I’m sorry , he isn’t here right now . May I help you ?
6. put on穿上，戴上，上演
Put it on , please Lily .
Don’t be late——oh , and put on your old clothes .
7. try on试穿（衣服），试试看
Shall I ask the shopkeeper if I can try it on ?
8. turn on开，旋开（电灯，无线电等）
I turned on the radio .
Turn it on .
9. pass on传递
They both passed on their sticks at the same time .
10. go on with（sth. ）继续做……
They went on with their work .
11. walk on继续走
Walk on and turn left .
(3) A. 作介词，与动词连用，构成短语：
1. go on继续
He quickly got up and went on running .
2. spend … on在……花费
I like writing to my penfriend , but I can’t spend much time on it .
3. keep on继续
I kept on thinking about the match in the afternoon .
4. knock on敲
The boy is knocking on the door .
5. work on致力于
He works on the Great Green Wall with many other people .
Please tell Mr. Hu that I am working hard on my Chinese .
6. live on靠……为生
They lived on potatoes .
7. call on访问，拜访
I called on you .
B. 作介词，与名词连用，构成短语：
1. on foot走路，步行
I see you’re on foot today .
2. on the / one’s way to在途中，在路上
On her way home she bought a new pen at a shop .
3. on time 准时；不早不晚
You must always return your library book on time.
4. on duty值日
Who’s on duty today .
5. on show展览；陈列
They saw many old things on show in glass-topped tables .
6. on（the）earth在地球上
Two thousand years ago , there were only 250 million people on the earth .
7. on the left/ right在左（右）边
Walk along this road and take the fourth turning on left .
8. on the radio通过收音机，以无线电的方式
She said that she heard a very interesting programme on the radio .
9. on TV通过电视，以电视的形式
We can watch a football match on TV .
10. on top of在……上面（顶部）
Can you see much grass on top of the rock ?
11. on the team在队里
Neither of them is on the team .
12. on a visit在访问
Xia Yi is on a visit to England .
13. on fire着火
The building is on fire .
14. on holiday休假，度假
You and your family are away on holiday .
15. on sale出售
The meat is on sale in the market.
(4) 其他
1. and so on等等
There are different kinds of vegetables in the shop , such as tomatoes , potatoes , carrots , peas , cabbages and so on .
2. on and on继续，不断
They talked on and on very happily .
3. from now on从此以后，今后
Please be more careful from now on .
4. later on过后，以后
The radio says the rain will stop later on

Answer 2

by

prep.
Close to; next to:
接近；靠近：
the window by the door.
靠近门的窗户
With the use or help of; through:
借助于；通过：
We came by the back road.
我们从后面的小路而来
Up to and beyond; past:
超过超出和在前面；超出：
We drove by the house.
我们驶过了这所房屋
In the period of; during:
在…期间；在…中间：
sleeping by day.
在白天睡觉
Not later than:
不迟于：
by 5:30 p.m.
不迟于 下午5:30
In the amount of:
以…计的：
letters by the thousands.
数以千计的信件
To the extent of:
达到…程度：
shorter by two inches.
短了两英寸
According to:
按照，根据：
played by the rules.
按规则比赛
With respect to:
相关，就…来说：
siblings by blood.
嫡系亲属
In the name of:
以…的名义：
swore by the Bible to tell the truth.
对圣经发誓说真话
Through the agency or action of:
被通过某种行为或动作：
was killed by a bullet.
被子弹击毙
Used to indicate a succession of specified individuals, groups, or quantities:
一个一个地用于表示一系列的特定个体、组或数量：
One by one they left. They were persuaded little by little.
他们一个接一个地离去了。他们渐渐被说服了
Used in multiplication and division:
乘，除用于乘法和除法：
Multiply 4 by 6 to get 24.
4乘6得24
Used with measurements:
用于度量：
a room 12 by 18 feet.
12英尺宽，18英尺长的房间
Used to express direction with points of the compass:
用于表示某一范围内的方位：
south by southeast.
东南偏南
by
adv.
On hand; nearby:
旁边手边；就近的：
Stand by.
站在旁边
Aside; away:
一边；搁置：
We put it by for later.
我们把它放置一边，以后再说
Up to, alongside, and past:
超出，沿着，过去：
The car raced by.
汽车奔驰而过
Into the past:
流逝：
as years go by.
随着年月流逝

on
prep.
Used to indicate position above and supported by or in contact with:
在…上用于表示在…上及被…支撑或与…接触的位置：
The vase is on the table. We rested on our hands and knees.
花瓶在桌子上。我们把头靠在手和膝盖上休息
Used to indicate contact with or extent over (a surface) regardless of position:
在…上面表示不考虑位置接触或在某一表面上：
a picture on the wall; a rash on my back.
墙上挂着的一幅画；我背上长的疹子
Used to indicate location at or along:
表示位于或沿着：
the pasture on the south side of the river; a house on the highway.
河岸南边的牧场；高速公路边的房子
Used to indicate proximity:
表示接近：
a town on the border.
靠近边界的一个市镇
Used to indicate attachment to or suspension from:
表示附在…上或悬于…：
beads on a string.
细绳上悬的珠子
Used to indicate figurative or abstract position:
用以表示比喻的或抽象的位置：
on the young side, but experienced; on her third beer; stopped on chapter two.
相当年轻，但经验十足；在她喝第三杯啤酒时；到第二章为止
Used to indicate actual motion toward, against, or onto:
向…，朝…用于表示实际的动作朝向，对着…或在…上：
jumped on the table; the march on Washington.
跳到桌子上；向华盛顿的进军
Used to indicate figurative or abstract motion toward, against, or onto:
向…，在…上用于表示比喻或抽象的运动的朝向，对着…或在…之上：
going on six o'clock; came on the answer by accident.
到快六点了；偶然找到了答案
Used to indicate occurrence at a given time:
用于表示事件发生在某指定的时间：
on July third; every hour on the hour.
在七月三日这一天；时时刻刻
Used to indicate the particular occasion or circumstance:
用以表示某一特定场合：
On entering the room, she saw him.
她一进这个房间便看到了他
Used to indicate the object affected by actual, perceptible action:
对着用于表示实际的、能察觉到的行为影响到的目标：
The spotlight fell on the actress. He knocked on the door.
聚光灯把光集中打到女演员身上；他敲门
Used to indicate the object affected by a figurative action:
针对用于表示一个想象的行动影响到的目标：
Have pity on them.
可怜他们吧
Used to indicate the object of an action directed, tending, or moving against it:
向着，对着用于表示行动指导、朝向或移向的目标：
an attack on the fortress.
对城堡的袭击
Used to indicate the object of perception or thought:
思考的事物用于表示感觉和思想的对象：
gazed on the vista; meditated on his actions.
注视着风景；策划他的行动
Used to indicate the agent or agency of a specified action:
行为的原因或动力用于表示对某一特定行为起作用或对某一行为有帮助的东西：
cut his foot on the broken glass; talked on the telephone.
碎玻璃把他的脚扎破了；通过电话聊天
Used to indicate a medicine or other corrective taken or undertaken routinely:
服用用于表示有规律或经常性服用的药物或矫正性行为：
went on a strict diet.
进行严格的食疗
Used to indicate a substance that is the cause of an addiction, a habit, or an altered state of consciousness:
由于引上瘾、习惯或意识状态改变的物质：
high on dope.
因吸毒而陷入沉醉状态
Used to indicate a source or basis:
根据用于表示来源或基础：
揥e will reach our judgments not on intentions or on promises but on deeds and on results?Margaret Thatcher)
“我们将根据事实和结果而不是目的或诺言来作出判断”(玛格丽特·撒切尔)
Used to indicate the state or process of:
表示…的状态或过程：
on leave; on fire; on the way.
休假；着火；在途中
Used to indicate the purpose of:
表…的意图：
travel on business.
商务旅行
Used to indicate a means of conveyance:
表示运送方式：
ride on a train.
坐火车
Used to indicate availability by means of:
表示可利用的方法表示用…方式获取：
beer on tap; a physician on call.
随时可取用的啤酒；随时待命的大夫
Used to indicate belonging to:
表归属：
a nurse on the hospital staff.
在医院就职的护士
Used to indicate addition or repetition:
表示增加或重复：
heaped error on error.
错上加错
Concerning; about:
涉及；关于：
a book on astronomy.
有关天文学的书籍
Concerning and to the disadvantage of:
关于且不利于：
We have some evidence on him.
我们有一些不利于他的证据
Informal
【非正式用语】
In one's possession; with:
拥有；带着：
I haven't a cent on me.
我一分钱都没带
At the expense of; compliments of:
以…为代价；恭维：
drinks on the house.
免费的饮料
on
adv.
In or into a position or condition of being supported by or in contact with something:
在…加上在或进入受到某物支撑或与某物相接触的位置或状态：
Put the coffee on.
增加咖啡
In or into a position of being attached to or covering something:
附着，遮盖在或进入到被连接或覆盖某物的位置上：
Put your clothes on.
穿上你的衣服
In the direction of something:
在某事物的方向上：
He looked on while the ship docked.
船入码头时他一直在观看
Toward or at a point lying ahead in space or time; forward:
向前向前或位于空间或时间之前：
The play moved on to the next city.
剧组转移到下一个城市演出
At or to a more distant point in time or space:
稍后地在或向时间或空间上更远的一点：
I'll do it later on.
我稍后会做这件事
In a continuous course:
继续在连续的过程中：
He worked on quietly.
他一直默默地工作着
In or into performance or operation:
执行，运作处于或进入执行或运行中：
Turn on the radio.
打开收音机
In progress or action; in a state of activity:
进展，继续在进展或行动中；在运行状态下：
The show must go on.
演出必须继续下去
In or at the present position or condition:
位于或在现状或现存的条件下：
stay on; hang on.
维持现状；别挂电话
In a condition of being scheduled for or decided upon:
依照原定计划地在预先安排或已决定的状态下：
There is a party on tonight.
今晚要举行一个聚会
on
adj.
Being in operation:
在运行中的：
The television is on.
电视机是开着的
Engaged in a given function or activity, such as a vocal or dramatic role:
从事某项活动的起作用的或参于某项活动，如演唱或戏剧中的角色：
You're on in five minutes!
五分钟后你该上场表演了
Under or behaving as if under observation:
受注意的在注意下的或好象在注意下行动的：
A minister is always on.
部长的行为总在被大众注意着
Slang
【俚语】
Functioning or performing at a high degree of competence or energy:
表现优越的以高程度或能量起作用或执行的：
The goalie is really on.
守门员表现出色
Planned; intended:
计划的，本意的：
Our calendar is open; we have nothing on for this weekend.
我们日程表是空的；这个周末我们没有什么计划
Happening; taking place:
发生的；出现的：
The parade is on.
游行在进行

be on to Slang
To be aware of or have information about:
知道，意识到意识到…或知道…的情况：
You'll never deceive us again; we're on to you.
你再也骗不了我们了；我们已识破了你的诡计
on and off
Intermittently.
间断地，持续地
on and on
Without stopping; continuously.
无间断地；连续不断地

Middle English
中古英语
fromOld English an, on
源自古英语 an, on
*See Also : an- In Appendix

To indicate motion toward a position, both on and onto can be used:
表示朝某一位置的移动时， on和 on to都可以使用：
The cat jumped on the table.
The cat jumped on the table 。
The cat jumped onto the table. Ontois more specific, however, in indicating that the motion was initiated from an outside point. He wandered onto the battlefield means that he began his wandering at some point off the battlefield. He wandered on the battlefield may mean that his wandering began on the battlefield. ?In constructions where on is an adverb attached to a verb, it should not be joined with to to form the single word onto:
The cat jumped onto the table。Onto更具体，但表示的动作是从外面一点开始的。 He wandered onto the battlefield指他是从战场外面一点开始漫游的。 He wandered on the battlefield可能意为是在战场上他开始漫游的。当 on在结构上作为连接动词的副词时，不应该和 to连接在一起形成一个单独的词onto：
move on to (not onto) new subjects;
转移到（而不是 onto)新的课题 ；
hold on to (not onto) our gains. ?In their uses to indicate spatial relations, on and upon are often interchangeable:
保住（而不是 onto) 我们的成果。在用于表示空间的关系上， on和 upon经常可以互换：
It was resting on (or upon) two supports.
它基于（或 upon)两点证明。
She took it on (or upon) herself to finish the project.
她独立（或 upon)完成了项目。
We saw a finch light on (or upon) a bough.To indicate a relation between two things, however, instead of between an action and an end point, uponcannot always be used:
我们看到树枝上停着（或 upon) 一只麻雀。但在表示两件事物之间的关系而不是表示一种行为和行为终点之间的关系时， upon不总是能被使用：
Hand me the book on (not upon) the table.
帮我把书放在（而不是 upon)桌子上。
It was the only town on (not upon) the main line.Similarly, upon cannot always be used in place of onwhen the relation is not spatial:
这是（而不是 upon) 主要干线上唯一的城镇。同样，当两者之间关系不是空间上的关系时，不总是能用 upon代替 on：
He wrote a book on (not upon) alchemy.
他写了一本有关（而不是 upon)炼金术的书；
She will be here on (not upon) Tuesday.
她（而不是 upon) 星期二要来这里。

Answer 3

复制来的，慢慢看。

1。表是什么时间什么年龄用at
2。表示“在上、下午”，“在晚上、傍晚”用in，如要表示“某日上午”早些时候或晚些时候也用in，表示什么月、什么季度、什么年份、什么世纪要用in
3。但是若在morning等词前有修饰语时（如cold、fine等）用on
在某日的早晨也用on
早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。 有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。 介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚， 收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。 特定时日和“一……就”，on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。 步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。 工具、和、同随with，具有、独立、就、原因。
就……来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。 海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数、人类know to man。
this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。 接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。
over、under正上下，above、below则不然， 若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。
beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。 besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。
同类比较except，加for异类记心间。 原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词
under后接修、建中，of、from物、化分。 before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。
before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。 since以来during间，since时态多变换。
与之相比beside，除了last but one。 复不定for、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。 but for否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。
ing型由于鉴，除了除外与包合。 之后、关于、在......方面，有关介词须记全。
in内to外表位置，山、水、国界to在前。
如大体掌握如上介调用法口诀，就不易出错。当然，至于介词的详尽用法，同形词又是连词及副词等内容此章不讲。下面对该口诀分别举例帮助你理解消化。
1.早、午、晚要用in 2.at黎明、午、夜、点与分
例：in the morning 在早上 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候
in the afternoon 在下午 at noon 在中午
in the evening 在晚上 at night 在夜间
in the day 在白天 at midnight 在午夜
以上短语都不用冠词
at six o'clock 在6点钟 at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7点半
at half past eleven 在11点半 at nine fifteen 在9点15分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 也可以写成 seven to five 5点差7分(半小时以上)
five minutes after two 2点过5分 at a quarter to two 1点45分 at the weekend 在周末
3.年、月、年月、季节、周
即在“来年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月” (但在某年某月某日则用on)，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。
例；in 1986 在1986年
in 1927 在1927年
in April 在四月
in March 在三月
in December 1986 1986年12月
in July l983 1983年7月
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季
in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
4.阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in，
即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。
例：Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。
They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。
a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。
The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛．
以及：in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人
the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女
in uniform 穿着制服
in mourning 穿着丧服
in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫
5.将来时态in...以后
例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。
I'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。
We'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。
Come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始) after... (从过去开始)
6.小处at大处in
例：Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry. 李和我平安地到达黑山县，一切很好，勿念。
I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市，我姐姐住在一个小城镇，而我的父母则住在农村。
I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市．
7.有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in
例：The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
"Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是—出好戏。(无形)
The product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法——无形)
I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed． 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in)
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。(同上)
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system． 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )
The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre. 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。(同上)
This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是金铸的。
8.特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in
特征或状态：
例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。
They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝望情绪而来，却满怀希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤，不如说她讲得很伤心。
还有一些短语也用in，如：
in jest 诙谐地，in joke 开玩笑地，in spite 恶意地， in fairness 公正地，in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大，in sorrow 伤心地等。
His mind was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都兴高采烈，没有一个情绪低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。
The compaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。
方面：
例：we accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。
They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。
方式：
例：All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。
9.如下成语惯用in
in all 总计 in advance 事前 in the meantime 与此同时
in place 适当地 in hopes of(或in the hope of) 怀着.......希望
in connection with 和……有关 in contact with 和……联系
in addition to 除......以外 in case of 倘若，万一
in conflict with 和......冲突 in force 有效的，大批
in depth 彻底地 in regard to 关于
in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近 in retrospect 回顾，一想起
in behalf of 代表......利益 in the least 一点，丝毫
in alarm 惊慌、担心 in the opinion of 据……见解
in the long run 从长远说来 in one's opinion 在……看来
in word 口头上 in a word 总之 in vain 无益地, 白白地
in case 如果，万一，以防 in detail 详细地 in haste 急急忙忙地
in conclusion 总之 in spite of 尽管 in other words... 换句话说
in return 作为回报 in the name of 以......名义 be confident in 对......有信心
be interested in 对......感兴趣 in doubt 怀疑 in love 恋爱中
in debt 负债 in fun (jest、joke) 玩笑地 in hesitation 犹豫不决
in wonder 在惊奇中 in public (secret) 公开他(秘密地) in a good humour 心情(情绪)好
10.“介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分”。
介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。试比较下列各句：
1. A．She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
B．She came to me. 她向我走过来。
2．A．Jake ran at John. 几 杰克向约翰扑过去。
B．Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去。
3．A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他带着剑向那妇女跑过去。
4．A．He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说
5．A．I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我听见她在抱怨小李。
B．I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我听见她在同小李低声说话。
6．A. She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。
B．She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢.
7．A．She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。
B．She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。
8．A．He presented a pistol at me. 他用手枪对着我。
B．He presented a pistol to me. 他赠送我一支手枪。
11.日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早午晚; 以下皆用on。
例: on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日
on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月13日
on May the first 5月1日
on the first 1号
on the sixteenth 16号
on the second of January 或 on January the second 1月2日
on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚
on Boxing Day 在节礼日(圣诞节次日)
on New Year's Day 在元旦
on my birthday 在我的生日
但 in the Christmas holidays在圣诞节假期; in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪; in ancient times 在古代; in earlier times 在早期; in modern times 在现代，则用in，the present time 现在，at the present day当今则用at。
on May Day 在“五·一”节
on winter day 在冬天
on Decenber 12th 1950 l950年12月12日
on Sunday 在星期天
on Monday 在星期一
on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨
on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
on Friday evening 星期五晚上
但last night 昨夜；in the evening 在晚上; on time准时，in time及时，等则不同。
12.年月日，加早午晚，of之前on代in
例： on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
on the evening of 4th 4日晚上
On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a garewell speech. 他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会，他们的团长发表了告别讲话。
13.收音、农场，值日on
例：Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night?
您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗?
I heard the news over (or on) the radio. 我从收音机里听到了这一条消息。
taIk over the radio 由无线电播音
on TV 从电视里......
hear something on the wireless 在无线电里听到
My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作。
The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动。
This is a farmer's house on a farm. 这是农场的农舍。
Who is on duty, tody? 今天谁值日?
We go on duty at 8 a.m. 我们上午8点钟上班。
14.关于、基础、靠、著论
例: This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告。
Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America. 申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。
You are wrong on all these issues. 在这些问题上你的看法都错了。
The belief is based on practical experience. 这种信念是以实际经验为基础的。
Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)
The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。
You can't afford luxuries, on an income of 100 yuan a month． 靠月薪100元的收入，你是买不起奢侈品的。
Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food． 她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗。
He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. 他正是一个小偷，专靠损害别人过日子。
Keep the kettle on the boil (=boiling). 让水壶的水一直开着。
The enemy are on the run (=running). 敌人在逃跑。
on后接the加上一个作名词的动词．其意义与现在分词所表达的相近。类似例子很多如：
on the march在行军中，on the mend 在好转中，on the prowl徘徊，on the move活动中，on the scrounge巧取豪夺(埋语)，on the go活跃，忙碌，on the lookout注意, 警戒，on the watch监视着。on the hop趁不备抓住某人等等。
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<实践论>>和<<矛盾论>>
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<论人民民主专政>>
"on Coalition Government" <<论联合政府>>
in后加大地点
on后加小地点
on,at,in用法巧记

on，at，in这三个常用介词都可以表示时间和地点，但具体用法不同，多数学生对它们混淆不清。现在只要记住了口诀，就可避免at，on，in的种种误用。

1. on，in，at表示时间

on“在具体某一天”①

“当某时”，动名词， arrival，death前；early，late位句先②，用in一般“上”“下”“晚”；on用于天，in用于月、季、年③；限定三时in要变。④at是个时间点，“工作”“时刻”与“圣诞”⑤。at noon（night），in the day，习惯用语记心间。

注：①on表示在具体某一天及具体某一天的上午、下午和晚上。

例 On mother's Day, we should send flowers to our mother. 母亲节，我们应该送花给我们的母亲。

On my arrival home，I found he had gone already．当我到家时，我发现他已经走了。

② 当early，late用于句首修饰介词短语时，尽管表示具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上，都要用in，泛指一般的上、下午，晚上也用in 。

例 Early in the morning of National Day，I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo． 国庆节一清早，我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车。

My father begins work at 8：00 in the morning and stops work at 4：00 in the afternoon． 我父亲上午8点上班，下午4点下班。

③于将来时态表示“过一段时间后” 及表示“在……期间” 和“在某个季节，某年、某月” 都用in。

例 I hear he’ll be back in a month．我听说他将于一个月后回来。

In the course of the last lesson in French，little Franz was listening to the master very attentively．在那最后一堂法语课中，小弗朗兹非常用心地听着老师讲。

Xiao Ming was born in December of 2004. 小明生于2004年12月。

④当 morning，afternoon，evening有前位定语或后置定语限定时，就不用in而用on。

例 on a hot (summer) noon 在一个炎热（夏天）的中午

on Monday morning 在星期一上午
on the morning of March 8th在3月8日上午

⑤ 表示某时某刻及在work，Christmas前用at。

例 We get up at eight o’clock． 我们8点起床。
My father are busily at work all day． 我父亲整天忙于工作。

In western countries children get present from their parents at Christmas． 在西方国家，孩子们在圣诞节得到父亲给的礼物。

参考资料：http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/17536366.html