第1个回答 2008-04-10
19世纪中期是现实主义美术蓬勃兴旺的时期。法国画家库尔贝是现实主义的倡导者，他的代表作《奥南的葬礼》堪称绘画中的「人间喜剧」，而《石工》则深刻揭示了社会的矛盾，表现了作者对劳动人民的同情。勤劳朴实的农民画家米勒，以醇厚真挚的感情，歌颂了辛勤劳作的农民。
政治讽刺画家杜米埃创作了大量思想深刻而形象夸张的石版画和油画。德国女版画家柯勒惠支，以社会民主主义思想和鲜明的个人风格创作了反映工人运动和农民革命的系列铜版画和石版画。俄罗斯的批判现实主义产生了列宾、苏里科夫等杰出画家。法国雕塑大师罗丹的作品也具有一定的现实主义品质。
19世纪后期在法国产生了印象派。此派绘画以创新的姿态出现，它反对当时已经陈腐的古典学院派的艺术观念和法则，受到现代光学和色彩学的启示，注重在绘画中表现光的效果。代表画家有马奈、莫内、雷诺瓦、德加、毕沙罗、西斯莱等。
继印象派之后还出现了新印象派（代表画家是修拉和西涅克）和后印象派（代表画家是塞尚、梵谷和高更）。而实际上后印象派与印象派在艺术主张并不相同甚至完全相反。其中梵谷的绘画著力於表现自己强烈的情感，色彩明亮，线条奔放。高更的画多具有象徵性的寓意和装饰性的线条和色彩。塞尚绘画则追求几何性的形体结构，他因而被尊称为「现代艺术之父」。
下面是比较准确的19实际主要美术流派介绍英文版
19世纪最主要的几个流派：
新古典主义，浪漫主义，学院注意和现实主义
Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Academism and Realism
Main articles: Neoclassicism, Romantic art, Academic art, and Realism (arts)
As time passed, many artists were repulsed by the ornate grandeur of these styles and sought to revert to the earlier, simpler art of the Renaissance, creating Neoclassicism. Neoclassicism was the artistic component of the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment, which was similarly idealistic. Ingres, Canova, and Jacques-Louis David are among the best-known neoclassicists.[4]
Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, so did Romanticism reject the ideas of the Enlightenment and the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists. Romantic art focused on the use of color and motion in order to portray emotion, but like classicism used Greek and Roman mythology and tradition as an important source of symbolism. Another important aspect of Romanticism was its emphasis on nature and portraying the power and beauty of the natural world. Romanticism was also a large literary movement, especially in poetry. Among the greatest Romantic artists were Eugène Delacroix, Francisco Goya, J.M.W. Turner, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich, Thomas Cole, and William Blake.[5]
Most artists attempted to take a centrist approach which adopted different features of Neoclassicist and Romanticist styles, in order to synthesize them. The different attempts took place within the French Academy, and collectively are called Academic art. Adolphe William Bouguereau is considered a chief example of this stream of art.
In the early 19th century the face of Europe, however, became radically altered by industrialization. Poverty, squalor, and desperation were to be the fate of the new working class created by the "revolution." In response to these changes going on in society, the movement of Realism emerged. Realism sought to accurately portray the conditions and hardships of the poor in the hopes of changing society. In contrast with Romanticism, which was essentially optimistic about mankind, Realism offered a stark vision of poverty and despair. Similarly, while Romanticism glorified nature, Realism portrayed life in the depths of an urban wasteland. Like Romanticism, Realism was a literary as well as an artistic movement. The great Realist painters include Jean Baptiste Siméon Chardin, Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Camille Corot, Honoré Daumier, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas (both considered as Impressionists), and Thomas Eakins, among others.
The response of architecture to industrialisation, in stark contrast to the other arts, was to veer towards historicism. Although the railway stations built during this period are often considered the truest reflections of its spirit – they are sometimes called "the cathedrals of the age" – the main movements in architecture during the Industrial Age were revivals of styles from the distant past, such as the Gothic Revival. Related movements were the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, who attempted to return art to its state of "purity" prior to Raphael, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, which reacted against the impersonality of mass-produced goods and advocated a return to medieval craftsmanship.
Time Period:
时间
Neoclassicism — 17th century to 19th century
Romanticism — Late 18th century to 19th century
Realism — 19th century
政治讽刺画家杜米埃创作了大量思想深刻而形象夸张的石版画和油画。德国女版画家柯勒惠支，以社会民主主义思想和鲜明的个人风格创作了反映工人运动和农民革命的系列铜版画和石版画。俄罗斯的批判现实主义产生了列宾、苏里科夫等杰出画家。法国雕塑大师罗丹的作品也具有一定的现实主义品质。
19世纪后期在法国产生了印象派。此派绘画以创新的姿态出现，它反对当时已经陈腐的古典学院派的艺术观念和法则，受到现代光学和色彩学的启示，注重在绘画中表现光的效果。代表画家有马奈、莫内、雷诺瓦、德加、毕沙罗、西斯莱等。
继印象派之后还出现了新印象派（代表画家是修拉和西涅克）和后印象派（代表画家是塞尚、梵谷和高更）。而实际上后印象派与印象派在艺术主张并不相同甚至完全相反。其中梵谷的绘画著力於表现自己强烈的情感，色彩明亮，线条奔放。高更的画多具有象徵性的寓意和装饰性的线条和色彩。塞尚绘画则追求几何性的形体结构，他因而被尊称为「现代艺术之父」。
下面是比较准确的19实际主要美术流派介绍英文版
19世纪最主要的几个流派：
新古典主义，浪漫主义，学院注意和现实主义
Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Academism and Realism
Main articles: Neoclassicism, Romantic art, Academic art, and Realism (arts)
As time passed, many artists were repulsed by the ornate grandeur of these styles and sought to revert to the earlier, simpler art of the Renaissance, creating Neoclassicism. Neoclassicism was the artistic component of the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment, which was similarly idealistic. Ingres, Canova, and Jacques-Louis David are among the best-known neoclassicists.[4]
Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, so did Romanticism reject the ideas of the Enlightenment and the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists. Romantic art focused on the use of color and motion in order to portray emotion, but like classicism used Greek and Roman mythology and tradition as an important source of symbolism. Another important aspect of Romanticism was its emphasis on nature and portraying the power and beauty of the natural world. Romanticism was also a large literary movement, especially in poetry. Among the greatest Romantic artists were Eugène Delacroix, Francisco Goya, J.M.W. Turner, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich, Thomas Cole, and William Blake.[5]
Most artists attempted to take a centrist approach which adopted different features of Neoclassicist and Romanticist styles, in order to synthesize them. The different attempts took place within the French Academy, and collectively are called Academic art. Adolphe William Bouguereau is considered a chief example of this stream of art.
In the early 19th century the face of Europe, however, became radically altered by industrialization. Poverty, squalor, and desperation were to be the fate of the new working class created by the "revolution." In response to these changes going on in society, the movement of Realism emerged. Realism sought to accurately portray the conditions and hardships of the poor in the hopes of changing society. In contrast with Romanticism, which was essentially optimistic about mankind, Realism offered a stark vision of poverty and despair. Similarly, while Romanticism glorified nature, Realism portrayed life in the depths of an urban wasteland. Like Romanticism, Realism was a literary as well as an artistic movement. The great Realist painters include Jean Baptiste Siméon Chardin, Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Camille Corot, Honoré Daumier, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas (both considered as Impressionists), and Thomas Eakins, among others.
The response of architecture to industrialisation, in stark contrast to the other arts, was to veer towards historicism. Although the railway stations built during this period are often considered the truest reflections of its spirit – they are sometimes called "the cathedrals of the age" – the main movements in architecture during the Industrial Age were revivals of styles from the distant past, such as the Gothic Revival. Related movements were the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, who attempted to return art to its state of "purity" prior to Raphael, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, which reacted against the impersonality of mass-produced goods and advocated a return to medieval craftsmanship.
Time Period:
时间
Neoclassicism — 17th century to 19th century
Romanticism — Late 18th century to 19th century
Realism — 19th century
第2个回答 2008-04-10
这个问题我回答过了，今天再用一次吧。本回答被提问者采纳
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