The next section briefly discusses the basis for linkage methodology. This is followed by an account of family-based analysis, the development of the well-known transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and other family- based approaches, and the emergence of combined linkage and association analysis. Linkage strategies are becoming particularly important now that genome-wide sequencing is being applied to small numbers of individuals. For example, in a recent article, a combination of linkage analysis and exome sequencing of a single offspring led to the identification of a single gene defect leading to T cell deficiency and subsequent Kaposi’s sarcoma . Family-based mapping methods have been –reviewed previously; here we consider their current –status, including newer developments .
Linkage-study designs
Because family-based designs enrich for genetic effects, studies based on familial cases have more power than unrelated cases to detect genetic effects given an equivalent number of sampling units . However, family collections are more laborious to acquire than case–control collections. The difficulty of obtaining collections for families depends on which of the many types of pedigree structure is chosen. Typical family designs include :(box1)parent–offspring trios; affected sibling pairs (sib-pairs); unselected sib-pairs or related individuals selected from the extremes of a quantitative trait distribution (for example, concordant or discordant sib-pairs); extended pedigrees with multiple affected individuals; consanguineous families; and families obtained from isolated populations. One of these designs, or a combination of them, may be chosen depending on the questions to be investigated. For example, a design involving concord-ant sib-pairs to map QTLs might be combined with unselected sib-pairs to establish the proportion of the heritability that is accounted for by the mapped loci.
Linkage studies rely on a statistical evaluation of the evidence in favour of the co-segregation of marker loci with a trait in one or more of the family designs outlined above. To do this, multiple techniques adapted to the particular study design or analysis goals may be required.
请高手帮忙翻译!不胜感激!很重要,我希望对方能够看的懂!谢谢!
In the end, I promise to you that I will accept and embrace all the arrangement as long as I'm a member in our company. And in regard to this mail, it's just a mail of private as a chat between friends.对了,您还欠我一个英文名字!!!By the way, don't forget the...
求英语高手帮忙翻译呀 !不胜感激。相信人工。机译的不行呀
参数链接模型。 假定某种疾病模型的参数化联动分析,例如,隐性或显性遗传病的轨迹和使用方法的可能性不独立的测试各种标志和疾病。parametric linkage models. parametric linkage analysis assumes a particular disease model - for example, recessive or dominant inheritance at a disease locus - and uses...
...只相信人工的 不才 不胜感激呀!翻译的好 再加分
形式的鸡传染性法氏囊病是溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病。第一个易感基因 确定在克罗恩病的核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域 含2(NOD 2;也被称为基因)。这是根据定位获得 118 与非参数分析的多重家庭,其次是确定 11 突变基因的共同定位。传递不平衡检验(酶)和 系谱不平衡检验(夏令时)的统计,分析的主要...
求英语高手帮忙翻译一段英文不胜感激,能通顺的就行
就目前看来,我认为能够系统的解决这个问题的唯一希望就是EMS,.(and hence my remarks at the meeting of 5th November.这句是有语法错误的,不知道写的人想表达什么意思 要么就是有单词写错了,大概是想说自己在11.5那个会上所说的话怎样怎样)对于这件事情,你们为那些不必要的麻烦所付出了额外...
请英语高手帮忙翻译三句话。(英译汉) 1) In the United States, it...
这些孩子参加社区高中。除了在一些贫困地区的大城市,师生关系很好,来自不同背景的学生拌匀。3)因此,我推荐他,毫不惧怕,感谢您的帮助他的应用与入学和资金支持。如果你需要进一步的信息很有前途的年轻人,你一定要联系我毫不犹豫。你可以下载有道词典,很好的。我就是在那上面翻译的。欢迎你下载!
那位英语强人帮忙翻译一下?
英语强人帮忙翻译一下:Call me the Spirit for god's sake Call me the Spirit for god's sake 看在上帝的面上请叫我灵魂、精灵 (SPIRIT 可译为精神,灵魂,精灵,烈酒) 这个应当是书或电影里的对白 那位大哥英语好,帮忙翻译一下 “永远属于你” I will be yours forever! I will always be yours. (我...
英语高手来帮帮忙!!!
(This is Xiuzhou New Official District. 应该是XIUZHOU政务新区吧?我是按这个翻译的。)I'm very proud of my hometown is Jiaxing.(把is 去掉,或把of换成that。根据下面的句子,这里用that比较好。)And I am proud of that I am a people in Jiaxing.(这个句子跟上一个句子结构应该...
请英语高手 帮忙翻译一下这段“致谢”,不胜感激!!
PL018许可,在挪威的领域 北海。作者承认该资料刊登允许来自斯堪的那维亚半岛作为和co-venturers康菲PL018许可证的,Norge埃尼Norge一样,通过StatoilHydro一样,亚撒和Petoro一样。作者也承认,他们的贡献M-I SWACO相关的评估报告和操作的钻井液体系及软件程序。
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First chapter in the book: Career Plan and uderstand myself. What I learned from this chapter is that I grasped the concept of the Career Plan, and its development process history, and correlation theory. In addation, I also learned the concrete concept about the selfhood, I ...
跪求英语高手帮忙人工翻译下 。不胜感激呀
Homozygosity mapping is another technique that is often considered to be a non-parametric approach to linkage mapping. In fact, this approach assumes a rare disease allele and a recessive mode of inheritance. Such a model leads to a high probability that the genomic region surrounding ...