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Adam Smith, writing in the 1770s, was the first person to see the importance of the division of labour and to explain part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England.
“One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make the head requires two or three distinct operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which in some factories and all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.”
Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins apiece. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labour, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one.
There can be no doubt that division of labour is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labour is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labour adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.
11. According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to .
A. take advantage of the division of labour
B. introduce the division of labour into England
C. understand the effects of the division of labour
D. explain the causes of the division of labour
12. Adam Smith saw that the division of labour .
A. enabled each worker to make pins more quickly and more cheaply
B. increased the possible output per worker
C. increased the number of people employed in factories
D. improved the quality of pins produced
13. Adam Smith mentioned the number 4,800 in order to .
A. show the advantages of the division of labour
B. show the advantages of the old craft system
C. emphasize how powerful the individual worker was
D. emphasize the importance of increased production
14. According to the writer, Adam Smith’s mistake was in believing that division of labour .
A. was an efficient way of organizing work
B. was an important development in methods of production
C. inevitably led to economic development
D. increased the production of existing goods
15. Which of the following could serve as an appropriate title for the passage?
A. Adam Smith, the English Economist
B. The Theory of Division of Labour
C. Division of Labour, an Efficient Way of Orgaizing Work
D. Adam Smith as the Discoverer of Division of Labour.
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