请教初中英语老师定语从句的问题明天考试急待解决，谢谢.

Question

定语从句中我总是分不清什么时候该用“what\that\which\where”请老师帮我总结一下这几个词在定语从句中的用法及区别，最好有例句，非常谢谢.

Answer 1

what相当于“the thing(s) which/that……”,或“the person(s) who/that”.它是“集先行词与关系代词于一身的‘二合一’的词”。表示“所…的…”。这种结构在句中可作主语、表语及宾语. 如：
What I want to know is whether he will come here tomorrow. = The thing (which/that) I want to know is……
This is what I need now. =This is the thing (which/that) I need now.
He will give us a talk about what he saw and heard in that country.
= He will give us a talk about the things（that/which）he saw and heard in that country.
因what本身已相当于含有了“先行词+关系代词”， 所以在使用时，前不能有先行词，后不能有关系代词。
1. He has told us what he knows about that accident.
2. He has told us everything what he knows about that accident
3. He has told us what that he knows about that accident.
4. He has told us everything he knows about that accident.
5. He has told us everything which he knows about that accident.
6. He has told us everything that he knows about that accident.

What 可表示几乎所有具体的、抽象的、有形的、无形的在上下文中出现的东西.
A modern city has been set up in ______ was a wasteland ten years ago. （04天津）
what B. which C. that D. where

A modern city has been set up in the place __________was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. what B. which
C. in which D. where

（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。

e.g.I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）

2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。

e.g.Tom’s father,who is over sixty,still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）

（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问ti

1、that与which的区别。

1）用that而不用which的情况：

①先行词为不定代词all,anything,nothing,something,everything,none等;

②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰及last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰;

③先行词既有人又有物时。
④句中已有who时,为避免重复，用that代替。

e.g.There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。

The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

This is the best film that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。

Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。

2）用which而不用that的情况

①引导非限制性定语从句；

②代表整个主句的意思；

③介词+关系代词。

e.g.He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。

3）as引导定语从句时的用法

①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于thesame…as,such…as结构中。

e.g.I want the same shirt as myfriend’s.我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。

Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：
as is known to all,as is said,as is reported,

as is announced,as we all know,as I expect等。

e.g.As I expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名

3）as引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别

①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。e.g.He made along speech,as we expected.

He made along speech,which was unexpected.

②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。

e.g.Tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesn’t like at all.

2.关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。e.g.The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。 The students who are in GradeThree are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

3.定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。e.g.There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

4.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词+which”来代替。

e.g.October 1,1949 was the day on which(=when)the People’s Republic of China was founded.

5.当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。

e.g.The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

6.介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which,that,whom,口语中也可用who，且可省略。

e.g.The man(whom/who/that)you were talking about has come to school.