《双城记》是狄更斯最重要的代表作之一。早在创作《双城记》之前很久,狄更斯就对法国大革命极为关注,反复研读英国历史学家卡莱尔的《法国革命史》和其他学者的有关著作。他对法国大革命的浓厚兴趣发端于对当时英国潜伏着的严重的社会危机的担忧。1854年底,他说:“我相信,不满情绪像这样冒烟比火烧起来还要坏得多,这特别像法国在第一次革命爆发前的公众心理,这就有危险,由于千百种原因——如收成不好、贵族阶级的专横与无能把已经紧张的局面最后一次加紧、海外战争的失利、国内偶发事件等等——变成那次从未见过的一场可怕的大火。”可见,《双城记》这部历史小说的创作动机在于借古讽今,以法国大革命的历史经验为借鉴,给英国统治阶级敲响警钟;同时,通过对革命恐怖的极端描写,也对心怀愤懑、希图以暴力对抗暴政的人民群众提出警告,幻想为社会矛盾日益加深的英国现状寻找一条出路。
从这个目的出发,小说深刻地揭露了法国大革命前深深激化了的社会矛盾,强烈地抨击贵族阶级的荒淫残暴,并深切地同情下层人民的苦难。作品尖锐地指出,人民群众的忍耐是有限度的,在贵族阶级的残暴统治下,人民群众迫于生计,必然奋起反抗。这种反抗是正义的。小说还描绘了起义人民攻击巴士底狱等壮观场景,表现了人民群众的伟大力量。然而,作者站在资产阶级人道主义的立场上,即反对残酷压迫人民的暴政,也反对革命人民反抗暴政的暴力。在狄更斯笔下,整个革命被描写成一场毁灭一切的巨大灾难,它无情地惩罚罪恶的贵族阶级,也盲目地杀害无辜的人们。
这部小说塑造了三类人物。一类是以厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟为代表的封建贵族,他们“唯一不可动摇的哲学就是压迫人”,是作者痛加鞭挞的对象。另一类是得伐石夫妇等革命群众。必须指出的是,他们的形象是被扭曲的。例如得伐石的妻子狄安娜,她出生于被侮辱、被迫害的农家,对封建贵族怀着深仇大恨,作者深切地同情她的悲惨遭遇,革命爆发前后很赞赏她坚强的性格、卓越的才智和非凡的组织领导能力;但当革命进一步深入时,就笔锋一转,把她贬斥为一个冷酷、凶狠、狭隘的复仇者。尤其是当她到医生住所搜捕路茜和小路茜时,更被表现为嗜血成性的狂人。最后,作者让她死在自己的枪口之下,明确地表示了否定的态度。第三类是理想化人物,是作者心目中以人道主义解决社会矛盾、以博爱战胜仇恨的榜样,包括梅尼特父女、代尔纳、劳雷和卡尔登等。梅尼特医生被侯爵兄弟害得家破人亡,对侯爵兄弟怀有深仇大恨,但是为了女儿的爱,可以摒弃宿仇旧恨;代尔纳是侯爵兄弟的子侄,他大彻大悟,谴责自己家族的罪恶,抛弃爵位和财产,决心以自己的行动来“赎罪”。这对互相辉映的人物,一个是贵族暴政的受害者,宽容为怀;一个是贵族侯爵的继承人,主张仁爱。他们中间,更有作为女儿和妻子的路茜。在爱的纽带的维系下,他们组成一个互相谅解、感情融洽的幸福家庭。这显然是作者设想的一条与暴力革命截然相反的解决社会矛盾的出路,是不切实际的。
《双城记》有其不同于一般历史小说的地方,它的人物和主要情节都是虚构的。在法国大革命广阔的真实背景下,作者以虚构人物梅尼特医生的经历为主线索,把冤狱、爱情与复仇三个互相独立而又互相关联的故事交织在一起,情节错综,头绪纷繁。作者采取倒叙、插叙、伏笔、铺垫等手法,使小说结构完整严密,情节曲折紧张而富有戏剧性,表现了卓越的艺术技巧。《双城记》风格肃穆、沉郁,充满忧愤,但缺少早期作品的幽默。
英文版的:(好像有一些漏译,你自己鉴别一下哈)
"A tale of two cities" is one of Dickens's most important representative works.The novel profoundly exposed the society contradiction before the French Revolution,intensely attacks the aristocratic social class is dissolute and cruel,and sincerely sympathizes with the depressed classes.The novel also described many magnificent scenes like the revolt people attacked Bastille and so on,which displayed people's great strength.
The novel has portrayed many different people. Doctor Manette is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually , Lucie is beautiful and gentle ,Charles is graceful and noble,Lorry is upright and honest ,Sydney is semblance of indifferent, innermost feelings of warm,unconventional but also selfless and lofty,Miss Pross is straightforward and loyal,Evremonde brothers are cruel and sinister......The complex hatred is hard to solve, the cruel revenge has made more hatreds, loves rebirth in the hell edge,but take the life as the price.
As an outstanding writer,in Dickens's work,the language skill is essential.Each kind of rhetoric technique,like the analogy,the exaggeration,the contrast,the humorous,and the taunt are handled skillfully,and the artistry of the work is also delivered the peak."A tale of two cities" has its difference with the general historical novel, its character and the main plot are all fictionalizes.With the broad real background of the French Revolution,the author take the fictional character Doctor Manette's experience as the main clue,interweaves the unjust charge, love and revenge three independences but also incident cross-correlation stories together,the plot is criss-crossed,and the clue is complex.The author use insert narrates,foreshadowing,upholstery and so many techniques,causes the structure integrity and strictness,the plot winding anxious and rich of theatrical nature,it displayed the remarkable artistic skill.the style "A tale of two cities" is solemnity and melancholy,fills indignantion,but lacks the humor of the early works.
读《老人与海》有感
读了美国著名作家海明威的小说《老人与海》。我十分佩服小说中老渔夫的意志,他让我懂得了一个人一定要有坚持不懈的精神,才能获得成功。
小说描写的是一个年近六旬的老渔夫,在一次单身出海打鱼时,钓到了一条大鱼,却拉不上来。老渔夫同鱼周旋了几天后,才发现这是一条超过自己渔船数倍的大马林鱼,虽然明知很难取胜,但仍不放弃。后来又因大马林鱼伤口上的鱼腥味引来了几群鲨鱼抢食,但老人仍不愿就这样放弃,最终突出重围,将大鱼带回了渔港,让其他渔夫佩服不已。
当我读到“老渔夫想:这里离海岸实在是太近了,也许在更远的地方会有更大的鱼……”时,我十分佩服这位老渔夫,因为他这时已经打到了一些鱼,但他没有安于现状,而是向着更大的目标前进。再看看我们,平时遇到一点小困难,我们都叫苦连天。我们是祖国的未来,应该像这位老人一样胸怀大志,去追求更好、更大的目标。
当我读到“大马林鱼开始快速地围着小渔船游动,将缆绳缠绕到了桅杆上,老人右手高举着钢叉,在它跃出水面的一瞬间,竭尽全力地向它的心脏掷去,一声哀鸣结束了大鱼的生命,它静静地浮在水面上……”时,我的心也像一块大石头落了地。我非常钦佩老人那种毫不畏惧、坚持不懈的精神,虽然知道对手实力很强,但他没有丝毫退缩,而是迎难而上。正因为有了这种精神,老渔夫才获得了这场生死较量的胜利。我们在生活中也要学习老渔夫的精神,做事情不怕困难,才能取得成功。
在读到大鱼的血腥味被一群鲨鱼嗅到了,争相游来抢食,老人的左手正好在抽筋,他只能使用右手,用木棒、捕到的剑鱼的嘴等一切可以用来攻击的武器自卫,并最终赶走了这群鲨鱼。但大鱼的肉已经被吃了一大半,而老人还风趣地批评自己的左手“该工作的时候却在休息”的时候,我也被老人乐观的精神所折服。在生活中,有些损失是不可避免的,我们应该以乐观的态度来对待,不能斤斤计较。
最后,小说以一个少年看到老渔夫在度量足有十八英尺长的大马林鱼,再次描写了这条鱼的巨大,说明老渔夫所克服的困难之大,非比寻常。
小说歌颂了老渔夫不畏艰险努力奋斗的精神,我们也应该像他那样,不能满足于现状,应该积极向上,做任何事都要坚持不懈,遇到困难要迎难而上,决不能半途而废。只有这样,我们才能获得更大的成功和胜利。
英文:
Reading, "Hits" felt read the famous American writer Ernest Hemingway's novel, "Hits." I very much admire the novel old fisherman's will, he let me know how a person must have perseverance to be successful.
Describes the novel is a nearly Liu Xun old fisherman, when fishing in a single sea, caught a big fish, but not pull up. Old fisherman with the fish deal after several days, they find it is a fishing boat several times more than their big marlin, while knowing that it is difficult to win, but not to give up. Marlins wound was compounded by large fish smell attracted several groups of sharks grab, but the elderly are still reluctant to give up and eventually Breakthrough, the big fish back to the fishing port, so that other fisherman endless admiration.
When I read, "The old fisherman thought: Here it is too close from the coast, perhaps in the more distant places will have a bigger fish ... ...", I very much admire the old fisherman, as he then had to sit at Some fish, but he did not complacent, but rather toward a larger goal. Look at us, usually encountered little difficulty, we all hurt. We are the future of the motherland, it should be as ambitious as the old man to the pursuit of better and bigger goals.
When I read the "big Marlins began to swim quickly around the small fishing will be winding cable to the mast, the old right hand holding the Fork, in its leaping water of the moment, make every effort to throw it in the heart of to go, I heard the end of big fish have become divorced from life, it is quietly floating on the water ... ... ", my heart, like a big rock off the ground. I very much admire the elderly that have no fear, perseverance, although very aware of her opponents, but he was not retreating, but marching forward despite difficulties. It is because of this spirit, the old fisherman has gained a victory in this life and death battle.
We must learn in life, the spirit of the old fisherman, are not afraid of difficulties in doing things in order to be successful.
Read the big fish in a group of sharks smell blood in, and scramble to snatch a tour the old man's left hand just in cramp, he could only use the right hand, with a wooden stick, catch of swordfish's mouth and all can be used to attack weapons of self-defense, and ultimately get rid of the group of sharks. But the big fish meat has been eaten more than half the elderly people a sense of humor was also criticism of his left hand, "when the job is at rest", I was also impressed by the spirit of optimism for the elderly. In life, some losses are inevitable, we should be treated with optimism can not be preoccupied with.
Finally, the novel in order to see the old fisherman in a juvenile measure 18 feet long enough to have a big marlin, the fish again, describes the enormous, indicating the difficulties overcome old fisherman large, unusual.
Novel praised the efforts of the old fisherman dauntless fighting spirit, we should also like him can not be satisfied with the status quo, it should be positive, to do anything to be persistent and difficult to be the difficulties, must not be wasted. Only in this way can we get more success and victories.
参考资料:http://wenwen.soso.com/z/q183226016.htm?pid=ask.box