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Question

The paper presents a model with duty drawbacks in which the effects of policy reform are differentiated based on the trade orientation of the firms. The model treats explicitly both duty drawbacks on imported intermediate inputs and investment goods used for the production of exports. The paper evaluates the importance of duty exemption in China by assessing the impact of China’s WTO accession, which involves liberalization from 1997 to past-accession tariffs among a number of other liberalization measures, on the country’s output, trade and welfare. The analysis, which uses first GTAP and then the model with duty drawbacks, suggests that the absolute magnitudes of changes in sectoral output and trade flows due to accession are larger, sometimes substantially, with GTAP compared to those with the duty drawbacks model. The analysis shows that failure to account for duty exemptions in the case of China’s recent WTO accession will overstate the increase in China’s aggregate trade flows by 40 percent and China’s welfare by 15 percent. This reflects the fact that duty exemptions have reduced substantially border protection in China prior to WTO accession. Consequently, any boost to trade and efficiency gains associated with an improved allocation to trade and efficiency gains associated with an improved allocation of resources across sectors due to WTO accession will be smaller with the proposed model than with GTAP.

Answer 1

本文提出了一种义务，其中政策改革的影响是有区别的贸易方向的公司基于模型的缺点。该模型明确地对待双方对进口中间投入和出口的货品的税款用于生产投资不足。本文评估通过评估中国加入世界贸易组织，其中包括从1997年开放过去，加入关税自由化中的其他一些措施对国家的产出，贸易和福利，影响了中国的关税豁免的重要性。经分析，其中使用第一全球贸易分析，然后与义务缺点模型表明，在部门产出和贸易变化的绝对星等，由于加入流量较大，有时会很大，与全球贸易分析与责任相比，模型中的缺点。分析表明，不考虑对关税减免在中国最近加入WTO夸大了中国的总体贸易流量的百分之四十和中国的福利增加了百分之十五的情况。这反映了免除关税大幅降低，中国边境保护之前加入世界贸易组织的事实。因此，任何与改进分配与各部门的资源，由于加入WTO将与比全球贸易分析模型，提出改进分配较小的相关贸易和相关贸易效率的提高和效率提高的推动。