In the case of sentences that map, the significant transformations of the icon are mostly substitution transformations, with the enormously important exception of the negation transformation. (Discussion of negation will be postponed to Chapter 14.) A sentence admits of transformations that replace its most basic parts with parts having direct proper functions of the same type (this is an aspect of the invariance of the sentence form) yet that are different. The transformations are of this sort: replace the subject with "Theaetetus," replace the direct object with "fish," replace the verb with "eats," replace the predicate adjective with "red." I will later show how a phrase like "the man who lives next door'' or an indexical like "this" has, qua adapted to a context, the same sort of proper function that "Theaetetus" has. Namely, each is supposed to precipitate an act of identification of a given variant in the world. Hence the same basic sentence may be subject to such transformations as replace the subject with "Theaetetus," replace the subject with "the man who lives next door" (with appropriate context), and replace the subject with "this" (with appropriate context). Each of these transformations corresponds to a possible transformation of the world affair that is being mapped.Taking the articulation of a world affair, qua mapped by a sentence, to be determined by a group of possible transformations or operations upon it rather than as the way the affair is built out of prior parts and relations has two advantages for ontology. First, consider the regress that produces "Bradley's paradox": if world affairs consist of objects (e.g., substances and properties) tied together by relations, then we must postulate further relations that tie these objects to these relations and then still further relations that tie the latter relations down, ad infinitum. (This regress, which led Bradley to deny the reality of relations, is the flip side of the problem discussed above concerning the failure of "Theaetetus flies" to correspond to how things are.) But if the mapping of language onto the world is as we have described it, this regress has no footing. World affairs are not torn apart into sets of objects by the mapping rules for intentional icons, hence do not have to be put together again.
英语翻译 , 只要帮我把短文翻译出来就行了, 非常感谢``
1. Have you ever heard your own voice ? " of course , " you say .或许有人曾问你:“你聆听过你的嗓音吗?”,于是你毫不犹豫地回答:“绝对听过!”Has anyone else ever heard your voice ? Again you say ," Of course."或许有人又问你:“有人像你一样听过你的嗓音吗?...
请英语高手帮忙翻译一段文章,文章有点长,小弟表示歉意,不要用翻译器...
Differences in the urban and rural situations arise due to the variation of speeds in the two areas. Decisions on road width are not normally made on total traffic flow per day as this is misleading but rather on the peak hourly flow. In Britain the maximum permissible flow is ...
请帮忙翻译成英语,非常感谢!谢谢!
Hello! Thank you very much mail, we have completed price, on the annex, please acknowledged. If there is any problem, please contact us and. In addition, if you need more information about our products, please check our Web site, are :...
请高手帮忙翻译一段英文,十分感谢!
这一段文字有点专业,我看前面几位高手都没翻好,最后第三段我也有点疑问,但很难有人超越我了。另外这里wire翻成金属丝,因为不知是钢丝、铜丝还是什么丝。Material-shall be free from seams, silver or cracks, and shall be smooth and uniform in size.材料应没有缝、银(说明:silver只有此...
请帮忙翻译一段话,非常感谢!
NANCY: Oh, there you are. Now then, did you have a good flight?哦,你在这里呢。那么,你的飞行旅程还好吧?JOE: Sure, we flew all the way direct from Seattle to London.是的,我们(的航班)从从西雅图直飞到了伦敦。NANCY: You must be very tired. Did you sleep at all on ...
中文简短翻译成英文(工作邮件)非常感谢。
Thank you for offering me the position . I have no further questions and will accept the offer for sure. I can start work on next monday or the Monday following next Monday.(这里建议用具体的日期 要不太混乱了). Please inform me of my start date according to the company ...
请帮忙翻译一段英语,谢谢!
我很抱歉我不能用中文给写信,因为一小段中文将会花费我几个小时. 我相信你在英语阅读方面应该没有什么困难.Thanks for your phone call last weekend. Keep in touch.谢谢你上周末的来电,请经常保持联系.Best regards to you and your wife.向你及你的妻子致以真诚的问候....
拜托请帮我翻译一段英文,非常感谢。
In my heart you are like a lost child, have you heard the sweet candy, you very yearning, but you've never tasted her sweet. One day, you come to the sweets Kingdom, everywhere is the beautiful, seductive candy. Do you think you can love high the shining candy, but your...
感谢信,帮忙英文翻译 急啊!!!
Dear teacher:Thank you very much for your teaching in this semester.I have learned much knowledge during the last one year and a half.Also I have learn much about how to get on well with others and ways to solve many things.Thanks to you!You make my life more colorful.Our ...
拜托请帮忙翻译一句英文,非常感谢。
It is regretful that there are always kinds of things taking place in Shanghai. Sometimes I even think maybe we won't be able to see each other only if I go to the Neitherlands for travel.