This mechanism of MAE based on exposing the analytes to the solvent through cell rup-
ture is different from that of heat-reflux extraction that depends
on a series of permeation and solubilization processes to bring
the analytes out of the matrix.Solanesol exists in tobacco leaves in two types:free and
combined[16,17].The free type is present in the main part
of solanesol content and the combined solanesol exists as fatty
acid esters.Saponification by alcoholic lye can release the combined solanesol,and make it free and extracted by the extraction
solvent。In this study,extraction and saponification were
combined together and microwave energy was used to intensify the whole process.To examine the effect of NaOH on
both MAE and heat-flux extraction of solanesol from tobacco
leaves,different amounts of NaOH were added to the extrac-
tants to reach a concentration of 0.02,0.05,0.1,0.2,0.5 M.As
shown in Fig.4A,the highest percentage extracted of solanesol
reached 0.91%in 40 min at the optimal NaOH concentration
of 0.05 mol/l.The highest percentage extracted of solanesol in
heat-reflux extraction reached 0.87%in 180 min when the opti-
mal NaOH concentration of 0.02 mol/l was added(Fig.4B).
Improvement of solanesol extraction was found in both extrac-
tion methods when the optimum amount of NaOH was added.
A significant increase of percentage extracted of solanesol and
reduction of extraction time by MAE with NaOH addition was
achieved due to the following two reasons:(1)NaOH released
the combined solanesol from plant materials,and therefore,be
extracted efficiently by solvent,and(2)ion Na+and OH?existed
in the extraction solvent were activated easily by microwave
energy,and then the MAE process was improved through the
enhanced molecular movement in the extraction system[19].
The maximum percentage extracted of solanesol in heat-reflux
extraction with NaOH was lower than that in MAE with NaOH
because solanesol was easily destroyed by NaOH during long
duration of heating process[20].
Saponification,a necessary step for the separation and purifi-
cation of solanesol,is usually developed after the step of solvent extraction.The saponification process can alleviate emulsifica-
tion phenomenon,which is a tough problem during solanesol
separation and purification procedure by liquid extraction and
silica column chromatography[21].In the current study,no
emulsification phenomenon was observed in the later steps of
solanesol separation and purification after MAE treatment with
NaOH addition(data not shown).
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