介绍滑板（英和中）急急

Answer 1

　　在十九世纪五十年代末的太平洋彼岸，善于发明创造的爱迪生的后裔们把古老神州人们的幻想或多或少地变成了现实。五十年代初美国西海岸是弄潮儿们大试身手的地方。他们使用普通木头和价格昂贵的轻木制成的冲浪板在风口浪尖上寻找乐趣。到五十年代中期，模压聚氨酯泡沫和玻璃纤维取代了木制冲浪板。这些新型冲浪板的机动性和耐用性使得冲浪运动在五十年代末大为流行。
　　滑板运动是冲浪运动在陆地上的延伸。前者受地理和气候条件的限制，而后者则有更大的自由度。阳光明媚的南加州海滩社区的居民们很快制出了世界上第一块滑板。
　　在今天看来，那是相当古朴的一项发明:一块50*50CM的木板固定在轮滑的铁轮子上.即使这样一个简单的运动器械，因为它能提供冲浪给人带来的同样心理感受，也引起了人们的足够兴趣。
　　但是，这种第一代滑板由于其本身的落后性（板太笨重，无弹性，转向机构不灵敏，轮子太滑等），滑板运动并未得到像今天这样的普及，这种最早的滑板可以在滑板录像节目《禁止》(Ban This)中看到。
　　第2代的滑板诞生于1962年。这是由橡木多层板压制而成的15*60厘米的板面、轮滑转向桥和塑料轮子组成的。和第一代滑板相比，这种滑板无疑是技术上的一个飞跃。但是，这种滑板的塑料轮的性能依然很不理想。他的过小的附着摩擦力使滑板急转弯时失控；而他的低弹性则是滑板遇到即使微小的障碍物也会嘎然而止，把滑手摔下来。同时，他的耐磨性也太差。尽管如此,这种滑板仍然受到滑手们的普遍欢迎。毕竟，和前一代滑板相比，它已经有了很大程度的进化，相对宽大的板面使滑手们更容易站立和操纵。中国国内现在销售的滑板大多数属于这种第二代产品。
　　1973年，一个叫弗兰克·纳斯沃西的滑板爱好者第一次把聚氨酯轮子安上他的滑板并取得意想不到的效果。他随即开始把这种叫“卡迪拉克”牌的轮子卖给他的滑板朋友们。这种柔韧的轮子不仅耐磨，而且可以使滑板安全稳当的急转弯，轻而易举的碾过地上的小障碍物。第三代滑板就这样发明了。由于滑板从冲浪衍生的原因，七十年代初的滑板文化基本上是带有冲浪印记的文化。滑板爱好者和滑板公园的建设者们一开始建造了不少模拟冲浪的地形。后来，他们终于意识到，由于滑板比冲浪板的阻力小，重量轻，可以建立不同于冲浪而更适合滑板的地形以取得更大的速度、机动性和自我表现能力。
　　加州Santa Monica 的“West wind”滑板队把废弃的钥匙孔型泳池作为练习垂直表面滑板的场地，一时间在加州形成了寻找泳池热。从这时起，滑板运动与冲浪运动不仅是从器材、场地，也从人员上，彻底分离出来，成为突起的一支异军。这支新军不涉足冲浪，一心钻研滑板，并开始形成自己的语言、技巧、衣饰风格和音乐爱好。形成了新生的、以城市为主导的滑板次生文化。
　　七十年代中期是第三代滑板飞速发展的时期。预感到一种新型的体育运动就要应运而生，无数个由滑板和冲浪爱好者建立的小型滑板公司如雨后春笋般出现，开始在技术质量上展开全面的竞争。聚氨酯轮子的潜力被充分挖掘出来。不断改进的聚氨酯轮子使滑板附着摩擦力加强，速度增加，甚至可以滑上垂直表面。
　　此外，对滑板材料的研究开发也达到了穷及一切的地步。硬塑、铝合金、玻璃纤维，甚至高科技的碳素复合材料都被用来试制滑板。最终，抗冲击性能好，重量轻的加拿大糖枫担负起了新一代滑板材料的历史使命。
　　另外，由Powell公司发明的跨越大障碍物的聚氨酯轮子和斯蒂文森专利的凹型滑板尾部使第三代滑板更上一层楼。
　　80年代末，由于滑板运动本身的发展和滑手们对滑板技巧要求的提高，以及为了适应U型池（vert ramp）双向滑行的需要，一种与前三代滑板形状完全不同的两头翘起、形状对称的滑板出现了，这就是第四代滑板。目前只有滑手们使用的都是第四的滑板。第四代滑板改用硬岩枫重量更轻，弹性更好.滑板轮硬度高,弹性好,更适合高速滑行.由于重量平衡,第四代滑板更适合各种翻转动作。
　　九十年代初，滑板运动走入了一个低谷时期。由于正处于滑板换代的时期，滑板从一头改为两头，因而出现了许多前一代滑板不可能完成的动作。这个时期是滑板运动的技巧性动作（technical tricks)时代。滑手们发明了很多新的动作。同时为了使滑板更容易翻转，滑板板面变得很窄，轮子变得很小。这个时期一块典型的滑板宽度只有7英寸，而轮子直径只有39mm左右。这样的滑板虽然更易于做出复杂的动作，但是较小的轮子却妨碍了它的滑行性能。
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　　Fifty years in the late nineteenth century, on the other side of the Pacific, at the Edison inventions were the descendants of ancient China to a greater or lesser extent people's fantasies become a reality. The beginning of the fifties the U.S. West Coast is a major test of beach-goers have a place to test their abilities. They use the high cost of ordinary wood and light wood surfboard into waves in the air to find the fun. To the mid-fifties, molded polyurethane foam and fiberglass replaced the wooden surfboard. These new surfboard flexibility and durability make surfing much in popularity at the end of the fifties.
　　Surfing skateboarding is an extension of the land. The former by the geographical and climatic conditions, while the latter have greater flexibility. Sunny beaches of Southern California residents in the community quickly produced a piece of the world's first skateboard.
　　It seems today, it is a very simple invention: a piece of wood 50 * 50CM iron fixed in the roller wheels. Even such a simple sports equipment, because it can offer the same Surf bring psychological feelings, but also aroused sufficient interest.
　　However, this first generation of skateboards as a result of the backwardness of their own (too heavy plate, inflexibility, insensitivity steering, wheels too slippery, etc.) have not been as skateboarding's popularity today, the first slide board skateboarding video in the "prohibited" (Ban This) see.
　　No. 2 on behalf of the skateboard was born in 1962. This is made from oak to suppress MLB 15 * 60 cm board, roller bridge and plastic wheels turn composed of. And the first generation of skateboarding, this skateboard is a leap in technology. However, this skateboards-round performance of the plastic is still much to be desired. His force is too small to make the attachment a sharp turn when the out-of-control slide; and his flexibility is low, even if small skateboard obstacles encountered also to hand down to slide. At the same time, he is also poor wear resistance. Nevertheless, this is still slippery slide their hands in general. After all, compared to the previous generation of skateboards, which have a high degree of evolution, a relatively large surface of the plate so that the hands were slippery to stand up and manipulated more easily. China's domestic sales are now the majority of skateboard products this is the second generation.
　　In 1973, a man named Frank skateboard enthusiasts纳斯沃西the first time he installed polyurethane skateboard wheels and achieve an unexpected effect. He then began to call this "Cadillac" brand of skateboard wheels sold to his friends. This flexibility not only the wear resistance of the wheels, and skateboarding safety could turn secure, easy to run over small obstacles on the ground. In this way the third generation skateboard invented. As a result of surfing skateboarding derived from reason, the beginning of the seventies skateboard culture is imprinted with the culture of surfing. Skateboard park, skateboard enthusiasts and builders have begun the construction of a simulated surfing a lot of terrain. Later, they finally realized that, because of the surfboards skateboards resistance than the small, light weight, can create different from the surf and the terrain more suitable for skateboards in order to achieve greater speed, mobility and ability to self-expression.
　　Santa Monica, California's "West wind" skateboard team abandoned the key to pass the swimming pool as a practice venue skateboard vertical surface, a time to find form in the California heat swimming pools. From that time on, skateboarding and surfing, not only from the equipment, the venue, but also from the staff, the completely separate process to become a new horizon. The new army is not involved in surfing, skateboarding one study, and began to take shape in their own language, skills, clothing and music-loving style. The formation of a new life to city-led secondary skateboard culture.
　　The third generation of the mid-seventies was a period of rapid development of skateboarding. A feeling that will be a new type of sports came into being, numerous skateboarding and surfing enthusiasts from the establishment of a small skateboard company like mushrooms appear in the technical quality of the competition to carry out comprehensive. The potential of polyurethane wheels are fully excavated. Continuous improvement to make the polyurethane skateboard wheels attached to enhance the friction, the speed increase, or even slip on a vertical surface.
　　In addition, materials research and development of skateboarding has reached the point where the poor and all. Hard plastic, aluminum, fiberglass, and even high-tech carbon composite materials have been used to skateboard trial. Ultimately, good shock resistance, light weight maple sugar in Canada take on a new generation of mission skateboards materials.
　　In addition, the company invented by Powell big barrier across the Stevenson patent polyurethane wheels and the rear of the concave so that the third generation skateboard skateboard the next level.
　　The late 80's, due to the development of skateboarding itself and sliding on the skateboard in hand skills required, as well as in order to meet the U-Chi (vert ramp) needs two-way slide, a slide with the three generations of two completely different shape tilt, the shape of a symmetrical skateboards, skateboard This is the fourth generation. At present, only slippery hands are used by the Fourth of skateboarding. Slide switch to the fourth generation of hard rock maple lighter weight, better flexibility. Skateboarding round of high hardness, good elasticity, more suitable for high-speed taxiway. Because of the weight balance, the fourth generation is more suitable for a variety of flip skateboard action.
　　The early nineties, skateboarder into a low period. As the new generation is in a period of skateboards, skateboards changed from a 2, resulting in a lot of skateboards can not be completed before the generation of action. That period was a skateboarder and action skills (technical tricks) era. Waterloo hands were invented many new moves. At the same time in order to more easily flip skateboards, skateboarding has become a very narrow face plate, the wheel has become very small. This time the width of a typical skateboard, only 7 inches, and wheels about the diameter of only 39mm. Although this kind of skateboard to make it easier for complex movements, but has smaller wheels glide hamper its performance.

Answer 2

滑板是用来进行滑板活动的一种窄的、有轮子的板子。滑板最早的发明时间已经不可考。自从1960年代滑板开始被大量生产以来，滑板改变了很多。过去的滑板常常类似冲浪板，没有脚窝并使用木头或塑料制作。轮子通常用黏土合成或是金属制作。现在，许多小孩和少年都喜欢玩滑板。

【滑板演进】
• 1940年，加利福尼亚州，一群推完苹果台车的工人，于工余后上台娱乐任其下坡自由滑行，所引发的灵感。
• 1950年，一商家将溜冰鞋的橡胶轮子，装在缩小比例的苹果台车上，于是有了滑板的问世。
• 1960年中叶，塑料轮替代原有的橡胶轮，使得滑板风气迅速流行世界各地。
• 1970年，密封式轴承替代原来浸水就生锈，不方便保养，容易起躁音的开放式轴承。由于滑板产品的技术改良成熟，使得滑板成为划时代新产品。
【滑板的结构】
滑板主要由6个配件组成
板身 轮架 轮子 砂纸 螺丝 培林
【滑板品牌】
鞋类
• 1.FALLEN
• 2.DC
• 3.LAKAI
• 4.DVS
• 5.eS
• 6.Etnies
• 7.C1RCA
• 8.I PATH
• 9.VOX
• 10.ADIO
• 11.VANS
• 12.Supra
• 13.ZOO YORK
• 14.OSIRIS
• 15.EMERICA
• 16.DEKLINE

板子
• 1.BAKER *2.GIRL
• 3.ZERO *4.ALMOST
• 5.CHOCOLATE *6.$LAVE
• 7.ENJOI *8.PLAN.B
• 9.ALIEN WORKSHOP
• 10.CRIMSON *11.SPEEDDEMON
• 12.BLIND
• 13.WORLD Industries
• 14.BLACK LABEL
• 15.FLIP *16.ELEMENT
• 17.BULLET *18.REAL
• 19.CLICHe *20.DARKSTAR
• 21.ENJOI *22.POWELL
• 23.CREATION *24.YELLOW
• 25.PREMIUM *26.TOY MACHINE
• 27.DGK*28.EXPEDITION-ONE 服饰
• 1.MATIX
• 2.RICA
• 3.FRESHJIVE
• 4.KREW
• 5.SANTA CRUZ
• 6.THRASHER
• 7.4STAR
• 8.LRG
• 9.DC
• 10.ELEMENT
• 11.OBEY
• 12.ELWOOD
• 13.NOR CAL
• 14.ALTAMONT
【基本动作】
【滑板前进动作】
• 滑行：以前脚放置于板身前段二分之一间，后脚踩踏撑地推进，身体重心放前，则滑板即可向前滑行。
• 转弯：有两种转弯方法。第一种是以撑地那只脚收回置于板尾翘起处，施加压力，令板身前端微微翘起，再利用身体腰力做适当角度大小旋转，即可转弯。这种方法只适用于滑板速度没那么快的时候。第二种方法最常见、也是最方便的。当在滑行时，把身体重心稍微往你身体面对的方向倾，或往你背部面对的方向倾，这样也可以到达转弯的效果。
• 停止：以用力那只脚伸放地面，以鞋子摩擦地面即可停止。
【滑板花式动作】
地板花式(JUMP&FLIP)
【豚跳（Ollie）】
滑板前进间身体下蹲，使弯曲之膝盖微触胸部，以集结跳跃动作之准备。向上跳起间，后脚重踏板尾，前脚微贴板面，以后作力顺势弹起，后脚缩起前脚往斜上方刷，尔后双脚平行落地。
【反脚豚跳(Nollie)】
前进的方向与Ollie相同，但和Ollie不同的是以反脚作招。
【脚尖翻板（Kickflip）】
也可以跟Ollie一样的站姿，或是前脚往后挪，滑板宽的二分之ㄧ宽度。起跳后，前脚的脚尖往板的侧边撩出去，让滑板翻一整圈，贴脚，落地。
【脚跟翻板(Heelflip)】
跟kickflip翻板相反，前脚脚趾突出板面，用脚跟往斜前方踢出。
【Back Side 180】
站姿与Ollie相同，以豚跳往背面跳，以上半身带动下半身转身180度。
【Front Side 180】
站姿与Ollie相同，以豚跳往前面跳转身180度。
【Pop shove it】
让滑板弹起后横向转180度
【Drop in】
弧坡或是悠池上会用到，也就是从有幅度的高台上滑进去的动作， 重心放前脚，大胆的往下冲，悠池比较难一点，重心要全部放前脚，然后大力的踩下去，只要稍微有一点重心跑到后脚去，就会喷板。
【竿上花式(Slide&grand)】
【后板身(Back Side Board Slide)】
板身基础的动作之一。用滑板的中段，也就是板身，双脚跟Ollie相同，平行的背对着竿子，在往竿子上跳，面对着前进，竿上平衡动作。
【前板身(Front Side Board Slide)】
板身基础的动作之二。与后板身相同，用滑板的中段，就是板身，双脚跟Ollie相同，平行的面对着竿子，在往竿子上跳，背对着前进，竿上平衡动作。
【Front Side 50-50 Grind】
竿上平衡基础之一。平行面对目标(竿子或平台)，平行面对着以Ollie豚跳跳上目标，用滑板的轮架，前后轮架卡上目标，往前滑行的平衡动作。
【Back Side 50-50 Grind】
竿上平衡基础之二。平行面对目标(竿子或平台)，平行背对着以Ollie豚跳跳上目标，用滑板的轮架，前后轮架卡上目标，往前滑行的平衡动作。

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A skateboard is typically a specially designed plywood board combined with a polyurethane coating used for making smoother slides and stronger durability, used primarily for the activity of skateboarding. The first skateboards to reach public notice came out of the surfing craze of the early 1960s, developed to help surfers practice when waves were unfavorable. The first prototypes were simple wooden boards with roller-skate wheels attached, and the practice was sometimes referred to as "sidewalk surfing." The surfing group Jan and Dean even had a minor hit called "Sidewalk Surfing" in 1964. By the mid-1980s skateboards were mass produced and sold throughout the United States.
A skateboard is propelled by pushing with one foot while the other remains on the board, or by pumping one's legs in structures such as a pool or half pipe. A skateboard can also be used by simply standing on the deck while on a downward slope and allowing gravity to propel the board and rider. If the rider positions their right foot forward, he/she is said to ride "goofy"; if the rider positions their left foot forward, he/she is said to ride "regular." If the rider is normally regular but chooses to ride goofy, he/she is said to be riding "switch," and vice versa. A skater is typically more comfortable pedaling with their back foot; choosing to pedal with the front foot is commonly referred to as riding "mongoose."
Recently, electric skateboards have also appeared. These no longer require the propelling of the skateboard by means of the feet; rather an electric motor propels the board, fed by an electric battery.
There is no governing body that declares any regulations on what constitutes a skateboard or the parts from which it is assembled. Historically, the skateboard has conformed both to contemporary trends and to the ever evolving array of stunts performed by riders/users, who require a certain functionality from the board. Of course, the board shape depends largely upon its desired function. Longboards are a type of skateboard with a longer wheelbase and larger, softer wheels.

Parts
Descriptions of the following skateboard parts are the ones most prevalent in popular, modern forms of skateboarding. Many niche disciplines exist with exotic or alternative constructions and designs that fall outside of much of the descriptions listed. The usual parts to design a complete skateboard are the deck, trucks, wheels, bearings, hardware, and griptape.

Deck
The underside of a skateboard. In this photo the deck, trucks and wheels can be seen.
Most decks are constructed with a six to seven-ply cross-laminated layup of Canadian maple. Some of them have special materials that help to keep the deck from breaking: such as fiberglass, bamboo, resin, Kevlar, carbon fiber, aluminum, and plastic. Some decks made from maple ply are dyed to create various different coloured ply. Modern decks vary in size, but most are 7 to 10.5 inches (17.78 to 26.67 centimeters) wide. Wider decks can be used for greater stability when transition or ramp skating. Skateboard decks are usually between 28 and 33 inches (71.12 and 83.82 centimetres) long. The underside of the deck can be printed with a design by the manufacturer, blank, or decorated by any other means. On early year 2010 a European Company Gravitis introduced the proprietary asymmetric shape, with decentered twin tips to enhance the rider's stance.
The longboard, a common variant of the skateboard, has a longer deck. This is mostly ridden down hills or by the beach to represent the riding of a wave in the ocean on a surfboard. This was created by two surfers; Ben Whatson and Jonny Drapper. One of the first deck companies was called "Drapped" taken from Jonny's second name. "Old school" boards (those made in the 1970s–80s or modern boards that mimic their shape) are generally wider and often have only one kicktail. Variants of the 1970s often have little or no concavity, whereas 1980s models have deeper concavities and steeper kicktails.
Grip tape, when applied to the top surface of a skateboard, gives a skater's feet grip on the deck. It is most often black but can come in a variety of colors including clear, allowing the top of the deck to be decorated. It has an adhesive back and a sandpaper-like top.

Trucks
Attached to the deck are two metal (usually aluminum alloy) trucks, which connect to the wheels and deck. The trucks are further composed of two parts. The top part of the truck is screwed to the deck and is called the baseplate, and beneath it is the hanger. The axle runs through the hanger. Between the baseplate and the hanger are bushings, also rubbers or grommets, that provide the cushion mechanism for turning the skateboard. The bushings cushion the truck when it turns. The stiffer the bushings, the more resistant the skateboard is to turning. The softer the bushings, the easier it is to turn. A bolt called a kingpin holds these parts together and fits inside the bushings. Thus by tightening or loosening the kingpin nut, the trucks can be adjusted loosely for better turning and tighter for more stability.
Skateboard trucks are manufactured in a number of different axle widths. In general an axle width should be chosen that is close to the width of the deck it will be used with.[1] For example, a 7.75" wide deck will usually be fitted with trucks that have axles between 7.5" wide and 8.0" wide. Trucks that are too wide can make doing tricks difficult and can cause the wheels to get in the way when the skateboard is being ridden. Trucks that are too small can be hard to maintain stability and can cause wheel bite to occur when turning.
Longboard specific trucks are a more recent development. A longboard truck has the king pin laid at a more obtuse angle (usually between 38 and 50 degrees[2]) to the deck, this gives a lesser degree of turning for the same tilt of the deck. This allows riders to go much faster while still maintaining stability and control.

Wheels
The wheels of a skateboard, usually made of polyurethane, come in many different sizes and shapes to suit different types of skating. Larger sizes like 54–85 mm roll faster, and also move more easily over cracks in pavement. Smaller sizes like 48–54 mm keep the board closer to the ground, require less force to accelerate and produce a lower center of gravity, but also make for a slower top speed. Wheels also are available in a variety of hardnesses usually measured on the Shore durometer "A" scale. Wheels range from the very soft (about Shore A 75) to the very hard (about Shore A 101). As the A scale stops at 100, any wheels labeled 101A or higher are harder, but do not use the appropriate durometer scale. Some wheel manufacturers now use the "B" or "D" scales, which have a larger and more accurate range of hardness. Modern street skaters prefer smaller wheels (usually 51–54 mm), as small wheels with lighter trucks can make tricks like kickflips and other flip tricks easier by keeping the center of gravity of the skateboard closer to the deck, thus making the deck easier to spin. Street wheels are often quite hard as this allows the wheels to slide easier on waxed surfaces for bluntslides and nose/tailslides. Vertical ramp or "vert" skating requires larger wheels (usually 55–65 mm), as it involves higher speeds. Vert wheels are also usually softer, allowing them to maintain high speed on ramps without sliding. Slalom skating requires even larger wheels (60–75 mm) to sustain the highest speeds possible. They also need to be soft and have better grip to make the tight and frequent turns in slalom racing. Even larger wheels are used in longboarding and downhill skateboarding. Sizes range from 65 mm to 100 mm. These extreme sizes of wheels almost always have cores of hard plastic that can be made thinner and lighter than a solid polyurethane wheel. They are often used by skateboard videographers as well, as the large soft wheels allow for smooth and easy movement over any terrain.