关系定语从句的使用规则是什么?

如题所述

关系从句的理解与翻译   人们习惯称由关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where等引导的从句为“定语从句”,认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当,只不过英语的定语从句后置,汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深人,人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我 们先看一例:  1. Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.  若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点,该句子就可能会被译为:  肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。  译文听上去荒谬可笑,仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”,这显然有悖原意。这里“where”起过渡连接的作用,相当于“and there”,在语义上属另一新层次,绝无修饰,更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后,进一步交待了事情发展的结果。可见,这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚,深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系。所以,例1应译为:  肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院,在那里他很快就死了。  让我们再多看几个例子:  2. When he was still a little boy, Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.  杰克·伦敦还是小孩时,他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏。  (不宜译为:……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文。)  3. I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.  我遇到了那位船夫,他将我渡到对岸。  (不宜译为:我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫。)  4. While they were waiting there, a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild, hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.  他们正在那儿等时,从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止,直到有人出来喝住,它才停下来。  (不宜译为:……一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠。)  5. In the torchlight,he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines, our local grocer.  借着电筒的亮光,他看见一个人影,马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯。  (不宜译为:……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子。)  我们知道,汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段,通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子,对语序的依赖性极大,如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑,如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富,构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息,从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句,但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如:  6. The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.  遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子,汉语只有以简驭繁:断句。译为:  蛇吃癞蛤蟆,癞蛤蟆吃虫子,虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子。  此外,读者也许注意到了:在1、2、3、4、5例中,抛开关系代词等结构不管,我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致,这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础,只需在关系代词处断句,省掉关系代词,必要的话重复一下名词,照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的,或时序不清楚又怎么样呢?请看例句:  7. He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.  他是教授,这学期在几所大学兼课。  8. All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much, for they were unlike any people had ever known.  这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿,这对夫妇使我很感兴趣,因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。  以上两例中主句传递了主要信息,从句传递了辅助信息,从另一侧面加以补充描述,或提供某种必要的背景知识,关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用,使语义发展顺利进人另一层次,我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。  有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系,不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如:  9. In 1906, however, Pierre, who was crossing a road, was run over and killed. (who… ≈ when he…)  1906年,皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了。  10. Dr. Bethune, who was very tired on his arrival, set to work at once. (who was… ≈ though he was)  白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累,但他立即便开始工作。  11. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)  我们知道,由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线,所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。  12. He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. (who… ≈ if he…)  (谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看,(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。  13. There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (that… ≈ so that the Plan…)  这方案新领,有独创性,有魄力,(所以)他们都喜欢。  以上五例中,关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系,意义上相当于状语从句,翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外,12、13两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑,这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。  传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念,以关系代词前有无逗号为准,机械地将关系从句分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”,这是很不全面的。我们应该深人理解原文的深层意思,尊重汉语的习惯,才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。
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第1个回答  2017-11-07
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。)
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A

例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。

18.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句

1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

18.5 介词+关系词

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

典型例题
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。

As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。
18.7 先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)

18.8 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever

1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
(错)Who breaks the law will be punished.
(错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
(对)Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
18.9 关系代词that 的用法

1)不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

举例:
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

这些全在这了 够了吧?
第2个回答  2017-11-07
“what” 常做名词性从句中的引导词: 、
参考:
what在名词性从句中作主语和宾语,that在名词性从句中不占句子成分。what不能用于状语从句和定语从句。
宾语从句和表语从句
宾语从句和表语从句是从句中较为简单的一种。这两种从句是以句子的形式代替了主句中的宾语或表语,也就是直接占据了谓语后宾语或表语的位置,比较明显。
引导宾语从句或表语从句的引导词最常用的是that,以及关系代词what,which,who(whom),关系副词when,where,how,whether。
由于主从复合句中有两套主谓结构,因而要注意时态的搭配。时态搭配的原则是从句服从主句,但是可以根据情况灵活配置,不过主从句之间不出现时段断层。
因而一般常见的配置组合为:
主句 现在时 过去时 将来时
从句 现在时,过去时,将来时 过去的时态 一般现在时
注:当从句的内容是客观真理时,无论主句是什么时态,从句永远用一般现在时,例:The teacher told the students that the light travels faster than the sound in the air.
定语从句
定语从句是从句充当定语的用法,引导词与时态搭配的规则与宾语从句相同。定语从句与宾语从句区分的要点是宾语从句充当主句的宾语,占据了主句中宾语的位置,而定语从句的主句结构完整,定语从句在引导词的引导下跟在被修饰的主句的主语或宾语(表语)之后,起修饰作用,而被修饰的词语称为先行词。
例如:
①People don’t know who runs in the morning in the park everyday.人们不知道是谁每天早晨在公园里跑步。
②People don’t know the man who runs in the morning in the park everyday.
人们不知道那个每天早晨在公园里跑步的人是谁。
在②中,主句部分People don’t know the man句子结构是完整的,the man是被从句修饰的成分,即先行词。
注意,that是引导短语从句的引导词中最灵活而且用法最多的,通常可以代替所有关系代词(which,what,who,whom),
而且有几种情况必须使用that:A.先行词是不定代词时;
B.先行词受形容词最高级修饰时;
C.当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等词修饰时
D.当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时;
E.当先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时;
F.当先行词既包含人又包含物时当先行词是疑问代词who,which,what或主句以这些词开头时;
G.当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时。
以下两种情况一般只使用which:在“介词+关系代词”结构中先行词为“those+表事物的复数名词”时。
当先行词为时间,地点或方式名词时,就有是使用关系代词和关系副词的问题了。原则非常简单:如果从句主谓宾结构完整,就使用关系副词;如果从句主谓宾结构不完整,使用关系代词。例如:
①This is the place where they met each other for the first time.
这是他们第一次见面的地方。
②This is the place that they will never forgrt.
这是他们永远不会忘记的地方。
在①中,从句部分的主谓宾结构是完整的,因而主句中的“place”充当了从句的地点状语,所以使用了关系副词where;在②中从句中没有宾语,因而主句中的“place” 充当了从句的宾语,所以使用了关系代词that。
注意定语从句中有一类非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

定语从句一般不用what本回答被网友采纳

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