电子硬件工程师的定义

Question

哪位能对电子硬件工程师有一个比较书面化的，较为详细的定义，材料里面需要，谢谢

Answer 1

Electronic engineering

Electronics engineering, also referred to as electronic engineering, is an engineering discipline which uses the scientific knowledge of the behavior and effects of electrons to develop components, devices, systems, or equipment (as in electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and printed circuit boards) that uses electricity as part of its driving force. Both terms denote a broad engineering field that encompasses many subfields including those that deal with power, instrumentation engineering, telecommunications, semiconductor circuit design, and many others.
The term also covers a large part of electrical engineering degree courses as studied at most European universities. In the U.S., however, electrical engineering encompasses all electrical disciplines including electronics. TheInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is one of the most important and influential organizations for electronics engineers.
Terminology
The name electrical engineering is still used to cover electronic engineering amongst some of the older (notably American and Australian) universities and graduates there are called electrical engineers. Some people believe the term 'electrical engineer' should be reserved for those having specialized in power and heavy current or high voltage engineering, while others believe that power is just one subset of electrical engineering (and indeed the term 'power engineering' is used in that industry) as well as 'electrical distribution engineering'. Again, in recent years there has been a growth of new separate-entry degree courses such as 'information engineering' and 'communication systems engineering', often followed by academic departments of similar name.
Most European universities now refer to electrical engineering as power engineers and make a distinction between Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Beginning in the 1980s, the term computer engineer was often used to refer to electronic or information engineers. However, Computer Engineering is now considered a subset of Electronics Engineering and the term is now becoming archaic.
Education and training
Electronics engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electronic engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three or four years and the completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Applied Science, or Bachelor of Technology depending upon the university. Many UK universities also offer Master of Engineering (MEng) degrees at undergraduate level.
The degree generally includes units covering physics, chemistry, mathematics, project management and specific topics in electrical engineering. Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of the subfields of electronic engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more subfields towards the end of the degree.
Some electronics engineers also choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Science (MSc), Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering (PhD), or an Engineering Doctorate (EngD). The Master degree is being introduced in some European and American Universities as a first degree and the differentiation of an engineer with graduate and postgraduate studies is often difficult. In these cases, experience is taken into account. The Master's degree may consist of either research, coursework or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia.
In most countries, a Bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience requirements) before being certified. Once certified the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia) or European Engineer (in much of the European Union).
Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided design programs when designing electronic systems. Although most electronic engineers will understand basic circuit theory, the theories employed by engineers generally depend upon the work they do. For example, quantum mechanics and solid state physics might be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI but are largely irrelevant to engineers working with macroscopic electrical systems.

电子工程
来自维基百科全书
电子工程（英语：Electronics Engineering, EE），是利用电子活动和效应的科学知识来设计、开发以及测试设备、系统或装备的一门工程学科。电子工程表示一个广泛的工程领域，覆盖了很多子领域，包括仪器工程、通信、半导体电路设计等等。
电子工程的应用形式涵盖了电动设备以及运用了控制技术、测量技术、调整技术、计算机技术，直至信息技术的各种电动开关
术语
虽然缩写同为 EE，但是电子工程，和电力工程、电气工程研究领域却不同。电子工程通常是与计算机硬件、电子、微电子、集成电路相关的学科，涉及的电压通常较低，作为信号用于搭载信号；而后两者更侧重关注电力的产生、输送等方面，常常涉及较高的电压。
教育和培训
电子工程师一般都拥有一个主修电子工程学的学位。在大学期间，学习时间通常是三、四年，最终要完成对应的工程学士、理科学士、应用科学学士或技术学士课程。许多英国大学在学生本科毕业的时候也提供工程硕士学位。
该学位包括学习物理、化学、数学、工程管理和电子工程的专业课程。最初，这些课程包含了大部分，如果不是全部的话，就包含在电力工程的子域中。然后学生在最后的学期，选择具体的一个或几个更底层的方向。
一些电子工程师也选择追求研究生学历如理科硕士(MSc),哲学工程博士(PhD),或工程博士学位(EngD)。在欧洲和美国的大学，硕士学位通常被当作是第一学位，所以很难区分本科生和硕士。在这种情况下，项目经验就很被重视了。硕士学位可能由研究成果、课程作业或者两者的混合组合而成。哲学工程博士学位是由重大研究成果组成，而且被看做是进入学术界的关键部分。
在大多数国家，工程学学士学位是证书考核的第一步，而且学位本身也是一个考核的实体。在完成学位核实程序之后，在证书考核之前，工程师必须满足一系列的要求（包括工作经历要求）。
一旦考核通过了，那么工程师就成为了真正的电子工程师。
这个定律的基础是涉及到物理和数学的科学，因为他们有助于获得对 与系统怎么工作这个问题 的质量和数量上的描述。如今大多数工程问题涉及到计算机的使用；而且在设计电子系统时，使用运行在计算机上的设计软件也是很普遍的。尽管大多数电子工程师懂得基本的电路理论，每个工程师掌握的理论实际上取决于他们从事的工作。例如，一个从事VLSI的（电子）工程师可能会与量子力学或固态物理学打交道，然而一个从事宏观电系统的工程师的工作是不太可能与量子力学或固态物理学相关的。

Answer 2

还是都要懂,硬软都要懂