英语语法知识

Question

介词的使用及有关的介词短语

Answer 1

英语介词全攻略

（一）、ABOUT

1.动词+about+sth.。about在此表示“论及，谈起，涉及，着手”等意思：
arrange about安排，argue about辩论, ask about询问，bring about带来，chat about闲聊，care about在意，complain about报怨，go about着手，hear about听说, inquire about打听,know about了解， quarrel about争论，read about读到, see about负责处理，set about开始, speak about谈起, talk about谈论, think about考虑, trouble about担心，tell about讲述，worry about着急。现举例说明其中一些短语的用法：

She inquired about my brother. 她向我打听有关我兄弟的情况。

I must set about my packing. 我必须开始收拾行装。

What are you chatting about 你们在聊什么呢？

2. be +形容词+about+sth.。about在此意思是“为…，对…”，接表原因的词：
be anxious about为…着急, be bad about对…感到不舒服，be busy about忙于…,
be careful about小心…, be certain about对…有把握, be concerned about关心…, be crazy about为…发狂，be excited about为…感到激动, be happy about为…而高兴, be mad about为…发疯，be nervous about对…感到紧张, be particular about挑剔…, be pleased about为…兴奋，be strict about对…严格，be thoughtful about对…考虑周到的，be uneasy about为…感受到不安。请看例句：

What have you been busy about today 今天在忙些什么？

You are certainly very thoughtful about others. 你为别人想得太周到了。

I’m strict about such things. 对这些事我是很严格的。

注：come about发生，get about（疾病、谣言）流行，turn about转身，leave about到处乱放，lie about随便堆放，put about打扰;传播，put oneself about使…发愁。这些词组中about作副词，此时about不能接宾语。

（二）、AFTER

1.动词+ after。介词after有“追赶，问候，效仿”之意：ask after问候, be

after寻求,
do(sth.)after学着做，go after设法得到, inquire after问候, look after寻找,
run after追求, seek after追逐, take after长得像。例如：

Every afternoon he called to ask after his girl friend.
他每天下午都打电话问候他的女朋友。

The boy takes after his father. 这男孩长得像他父亲。

The dogs went after the wounded deer. 一群狗在追赶那只受伤的鹿。

2.after构成的其它短语。after在不同的短语中意思各异：
after a littlemomentwhile过了一会，after all毕竟,after dark天黑以后，
after one’s heart合…的心, after school放学后， after service售后服务，
after the fashion勉强， day after day日复一日，
one after another一个接一个，year after year年复一年。例如：

Don’t be too strict with him. After all he is still a child.
不要太苛刻了，毕竟他还是个孩子。

He can speak and write English after a fashion.
他多少会说和写一点英语，但不太好。

（三）、AT

1.动词+ at。at表示“指向某一目标，到达某地”：arrive at抵达,
call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火,
glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤，knock at敲,
laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴，
smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视,
thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖，wonder at吃惊，work at工作。例如：

Don’t let me catch you again at it.不要再让我当场逮住你。

We must “shoot the arrow at the target”. 我们必须有的放矢。

They trembled at the sight of the peasant’s spears.
看到农民的梭标，他们阵阵发抖。

2. be +形容词过去分词+ at。其中at表示“情绪、情感的原因，
或对某物具有某种感情”：be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉,
be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧,
be delighted at高兴，be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望，
be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于,
be pleased at对…感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意,
be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at对…非常震惊，be terrified at受到…的恐
吓, be quick at对…很机敏。例如：

They were overjoyed at his return to work. 他们对他重返工作感到欣喜。

They are alarmed at the growth of the liberation movement in the colonies.
他们对殖民地日益壮大的解放运动警觉起来。

3.at+名词构成的词组：at a distance在一定距离，at a loss不知所措，
at a time一次，at all一点也不，at any cost不惜一切代价，at best最好也只是，
at first起初，at hand手头，at heart在内心里，at home在家；
无拘束，at last最后，at least至少，at most最多，at once马上，at present目前，
at sea不知所措，at times有时，at will任意地，at work起作用，at worst最坏。

4.其它含有at的短语：work hard at勤奋工作，drop in at顺路拜访。

（四）、FOR

1.动词+for

a)动词+for。for表原因、目的：account for解释；说明, answer for对…负责, apply for申请；请求, apologize for为…而道歉, beg for请求, call for要求, care for在意, enter for报名参加, fight for为…而战, hope for希望, inquire for查询；求见, leave for离开某地到另一地, look for寻找, long for盼望, mistake for误认为, plan for计划做某事, prepare for为…作准备, provide for为…提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for竞选, stand for象征, search for搜寻, send for派人去请, speak for陈述意见、愿望, take for当作, wish for希望, wait for等待。例如：

His illness accounts for his absence. 他因病缺席。

The baby reached for the apple but couldn’t reach it.
那婴儿伸手去苹果，但够不着。

He who would search for pearls must dive below.
要想找到珍珠，必须潜到海底。

b)动词+sb.+ for +sth.。for表示原因或目的：ask for要求得到,
blame for因…责备, excuse for宽恕, forgive for谅解, pardon for原谅,
pay for花钱买, praise for称赞, punish for对…进行惩罚,
push for催逼，reward for酬谢, thank for对…表示谢意。例如：

Please excuse me for my being late. 请原谅我的迟到。

Forgive me for my keeping you waiting. 请见谅，让你久等了。

2. be +形容词+for。for表作用、目的、对人或物有某种情绪等：
be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于,
be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以…出名,
be fit for适合于, be grateful for对…心存感激, be impatient for对…不耐烦,
be late for迟到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好准备,
be sorry for为…而后悔, be responsible for对…负责,
be suitable for适合于, be unfit for不适合, be useful for对…有作用。例如：

He is eager for success. 他渴望成功。

The government is responsible for the nation’s welfare.
政府负责民众的福利。

3.for+名词构成的词组：for all尽管，for a song非常便宜地，
for certain确切地，for company陪着，for ever永远，for example例如，for fear以免，for fair肯定地，for free免费，for fun为了好玩，
for good永远，for instance比方，for luck祝福，for life终身，for long长久，for nothing白白地，for once有生第一次，for oneself替自己，
for pleasure为了消遣，for reason因为…理由，for sale供出售，
for shame真不害臊，for short简称，for sport好玩，for sure确切地。

4.动词+副词名词+for构成的短语：be in for将遇到，make up for弥补，go in for从事，l o ok out for提防，take sth. for granted把…当作理所当然, have an ear for音感好, have a gift for有某方面的天赋。

（五）、FROM
1.动词+from
a)动词+ from。from表示“来源、原因、起始”等：come from来自,
date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出,
fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信,
learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回，
rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。例如：
All the characters in the book are drawn from real life.
书中所有的人物都来自于真实的生活。

Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower.
因疏忽引起的任何损坏都应由借用者负责赔偿。

He has recovered from his surprise. 他好不容易回过神来。

b)动词+ sth.sb. +from + sth. sb. a place。from表示“来源、免于”等：
borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做,
prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到,
remove from移动；除去, save from保全；拯救, separate from分离开来, stop

from阻止。例如：

He was excused from attendance at the lecture. 他获准可不去听课。

Stop the child from spoiling the book. 不要让孩子弄坏了书。

2. be +形容词+ from。此时from含义众多：be absent from缺席,
be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避,
be made from用…制成, be tired from因…而疲倦。例如：

The boy can’t walk and is far from running.那男孩不会走路，更不用说跑了。

3.from…to…。本短语表示从一种状态到另一状态的变化或从…到…：
from bad to worse每况愈下，from beginning to end自始至终，
from cover to cover从头到尾，from China to Peru到处，
from day to day一天一天地，from door to door挨家挨户，
from end to end从头至尾，from first to last自始至终，
from hand to mouth勉强糊口，from head to foot从头到脚，
from mouth to mouth广泛流传，from sun to sun从日出到日落，
from start to finish从头开始，from top to toe从头到脚，
from time to time不时地，from top to bottom彻底地。

二．按概数的构成分类

1．以容器量化的方式表达概数: a bag of, two baskets of,
a mouthful of, a plate of, a pot of, a mug of, a pack of ( 一包 )，
a pail of( 一桶 )，a bowl of, a basin of, three cups of

We bought three bags of groceries.我们买了三袋食品。

They ate a basket of plums.他们吃了一篮李子。

If there’s only a mouthful of food left in the bowl,
I will give it to you.如果有我一口饭，我都让给你。

On the table was a plate of beef and vegetables.
桌上有一盘牛肉和青菜。

Father is a heavy smoker. He smoked a pack of cigarettes a day.
爸爸烟瘾大，一天一包烟。

Two pots of jam were used in cooking.做饭用了两瓶果酱。

I have a mug of milk and some bread for my breakfast.
我喝一大杯牛奶吃一点面包作为早餐。

2．用介词结构表达概数: in large quantities, in great numbers,
in large amounts, , in pairs, in groups, in pieces, in dozens,
in scores, in one’s thousands, in one’s thirties, in bulk,
in multitude, in plenty, in the 1990’s, in quantity, in pack,
by ones and twos, by twos and threes , over..., around…, about…,
below…, more than…, without numbers

Pack them in dozens.论打包装。

He is a young man in his thirties.他是一位30多岁的年轻人。

People came in scores.大家结队而来。

Activities are coming forward in great numbers.活动积极分子纷纷涌向前来。

They wandered off in pairs and chatted about their own affairs.
他们成双成对结伴而行，聊着家常小事。

Things are usually cheaper if they are bought in bulk.
批量采购会便宜一些。

Resources in plenty can be found in this territory.
本地能找到丰富的资源。

The farms have water in plenty to last through the dry season.
农场水源充足，可供旱季使用。

Heroic fighters emerged in multitude.
英勇的战士大量涌现。

It is often less expensive to buy goods in quantity.
批量购物要便宜不少。

Some people are standing about in small groups under the tree.
人们站在树下，三五成群。

People began to leave the meeting by ones and twos.
大家三三两两地离开会场。

Wolves hunt in packs.狼成群捕食。

3．借比喻或引申表达概数: a mountain of, an ocean of, oceans of,
bags of( 很多 ), a dose of（ 大量 ），a stream of,
a suggestion of ( 一点点 ), a suspicion of（ 少许 ）

He has a mountain of dirty clothes to wash.
他有一大堆脏衣服要洗。

A mountain of letters arrived just after the report.
报告之后信件纷至沓来。

Oceans of time and money were/ An ocean of time
and money was spent on the project.大量时间和大批资金都投入到这项工程。

No need to be hurried. We have bags of time.
不必着急，我们有充足的时间。

There were bags of opportunities, but they lost them all.
机会众多，但他们都错过了。

In the accident, the workers received a heavy dose of radiation.
工人在事故中受到严重幅射。

Streams of cars were passing by.一串串汽车急驰而过。

There was a suggestion of boredom in his tone.在他声音里有一丝疲乏。

She added a suspicion of garlic to the stew.他在?肉里加了一点蒜。

There was a suspicion of tears in her eyes.他的眼中有一丝泪痕。

三．谈谈介词的否定意义
介词在英语中属于“小词”，事实上介词在英语中发挥的效力可不小。
介词在英语中起着”螺丝钉”的作用，它随处可见，且功能强大。
其功能之一就是，它可以和介词宾语一起构成许多否定意义的成语或词组。
介词否定表达简捷明意义深刻，其译文多采用译。

1.Above

The text is above me.（无法理解）

She thinks she is above criticism. (不容批评)

The child is above all nervousness. (一点也不紧张)

His conduct has always been above suspicion. (无可怀疑)

I think a gentleman like him is above doing such a thing. (不屑于)

Don’t depend on me. It’s above my bend. (力不所及)

He is above the weather now. (无病的)

2.Against

Almost everything was against him. (不利于)

He’s always doing his best, against all odds. (不计成败)

3.At

The point is to win at any cost. (不惜一切代价)

At any rate, we’ve done something for you now. (不管怎样)

On the spot he was completely at sea. (不知所措)

4.Behind

The train is running behind time. (不准时)

Your ideas are all behind the times. (跟不上时代)

5.Between

The secret is between ourselves. (不得外传)

6.Before

Before long he realized that he was wrong. (不久)

I slipped out before the lecture began. (不等)

The guerrillas (游击队员) would fight to death before they surrendered. (

决不)

7.Beneath

Lying is beneath him. (不合身分)

Such a fellow as that is beneath my notice. (不值一理)

8.Beside

What you said is quite beside the point. (不关正题)

9.Beyond

The news is beyond belief. (难以置信)

The stars are beyond number. (数不清)

The scene was beyond description. (无法形容)

Good advice is beyond price. (无价)

The facts are beyond dispute. (毋庸置疑)

My happiness was beyond words. (难以言表)

Doing such a thing is quite beyond my power. (无能为力)

与beyond 构成的短语还有：beyond all doubt毫无疑问；
beyond all praise赞美不完；
beyond comparison无与伦比；beyond control无法控制；
beyond count不计其数；beyond example没有先例；
beyond expression无法表达；beyond hope无望；beyond question无可争辩。
10.But

He was anything but pleased when he heard this. (才不)
11.By

What he said took me completely by surprise. (无思想准备)

12.For

For all I care, you can throw it away. (我才不在乎哩)

But for your help I would not have finished the job. (要不是)

He passed the test for a certainty. (无疑)

13.From

The child can’t walk, far from running. (更不用谈)

So far from taking my advice, he went and did just what I warned him

against. (不仅没有)

She kept herself from laughing. (使之不)

I knew he did it from his teeth. (毫无诚意)

14.In

I don’t know what John intends to do; I’m in the dark
about his plans. (不知道)

The people lifted the big stone in a breeze. (毫不费力)

Nothing can stop us .We all decide to start our journey
in all weathers. (风雨无阻）

类似的短语还有in the clear不受妨碍; in the cloud心不在焉；
in the egg未成熟；in the log未经加工；in the rough未完成。

15.In spite of

At the sight he laughed in spite of himself. (不由自主地)

The girl still wanted to marry the poor young man in
spite of her parents’ teeth. (不顾父母的反对)

16.Off

Keep off the grass. (不靠近)

I’m right off love stories for some reason. (不感兴趣)

He is off smoking now. (不再)

She was off duty yesterday. (不值班)

相似的词组还有off chance不会有机会；off color精神不好；
off guard不警惕；off hand无准备；off one’s feet不能
控制自己；off sb’s hand不再由某人负责；off one’s mind
不再挂念; off time不合时宜；off work没上工；off time不合时宜。

17.On

I’m sorry. You’re down on your luck. (运气不佳)

I knew you were on the cross about it. (不老实)

18.Out of

Out of sight, out of mind. (眼不见，心不烦)

It is quite out of fashion. (不时髦)

The book is out of print. (不再印发)

The man is quite out of humor. (不幽默)

Rest was now out of the question. (不可能)

还有相同的搭配ut of all reason无理；out of condition健康状况不好；
out of control失控；out of count不计其数；out of date不合时日；
out of line不成直线；out of luck运气不好；out of place不合时；
out of question毫无疑问；out of time不合时宜。

19.Past

The old man is past work. (无力工作)

Those trousers are past mending. (无法修补)

The situation is past hope. (没有希望)

His poetry is past comprehension. (难以理解)

It’s past question. (毫无疑问)

20.To

To a man John’s friends stood by him in his trouble. (毫不例外)

He carried out his orders to the letter. (不折不扣)

The old man had a good memory. He remembered
the past things to a hair. (细毫不差)

To a miracle he recited these poems in a breath. (不可思议)
21.Under

I know very well you’re under thirty. (不满)

This packet of butter is under weight. (分量不足)

The boy can’t go to school because he is under age. (年龄不够)

22.With

I’m through with him. (不再来往)

He was through with the job, and he wanted to find something interesting.

(不想干)

The whole project was completed with a wet finger. (毫不费力)

23.Without

It was all done without necessary permit. (未经)

You can’t do without money. (没有)

He often goes to school without his breakfast. (不吃)

I have helped him times without number. (无数)

without后还可引导这样一些短语：without a doubt无疑；without a moment’s
thought不加考虑；without day无期限；without end 无穷；without example 没有先例。

（六）、IN

1.动词+in

a)动词+ in。in在短语中的含义异常丰富：believe in信任, break in碎成，
bring in引起；产生；带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获,
hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享,
succeed in成功, take in卷起；订阅, turn in归还当局。例如：

He was so short of money that he had to call
in the loans that he had made. 他很缺乏资金，不得不收回所有的款子。

Your failure lies in your laziness. 你失败的原因在于懒惰。

Orders are given to take in sail.已发布收帆的命令。

b)动词+sb./time/money+ in。介词in后接（doing）sth.：help sb. in
帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事,
spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事,
waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。例如：

She offered to help him in the housekeeping when I am not here.
她提出，我不在家时她可以帮助他料理家务。

2. be +形容词+ in。in表示“在某些方面或穿着”：be active in活跃于,
be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于,
be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in对…失望,
be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在…有经验, be employed in任职于,
be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in在…优秀,
be interested in对…有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有,
be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于,
be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。例如：

She was completely absorbed in her own affairs. 她完全专注于自己的事务。

More than one person has been concerned in this. 不只一人牵涉到这件事。

3. in +名词。 in表示“处于某种状态或在某些方面”等意思：in advance提前,
in all总共，in balance总而言之，in bed卧床，in body亲自，in brief简明扼要

，
in case万一, in charge主管，in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,
in force大量地；有效，in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来,
in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自,
in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看,
in rags穿着破衣, in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟,
in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪,
in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地，in view看得见。

注意下列几个词组中的in为副词：check in到达登记，cut in插嘴，count in包括,
draw in时间接近, drop in顺路拜访, give in屈服, pour in源源而来。

（七）、OF

1.动词+of

a)动词+of。of意为“有关，由于”： beg of(sb.)请求某人,complain of抱怨，
consist of由…构成, die of死于, dream of梦想, hear of听说, know of了解,
speak of谈及, tell of讲到, think of想起, talk of论及。例如：

Never has one of them complained of all the trouble we give.
从来没有人抱怨我们带来这么多麻烦。

Carbon dioxide consists of carbon and oxygen.
二氧化碳由碳、氧两种元素组成。

b)动词+sb.+of+sth.。其中of有“剥夺，有关”之意：
accuse

Answer 2

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