英语选择题

Question

It ( ) now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room.
a is
b being
c turned
d got
什么叫独立柱个结构呢？谢谢！

Answer 1

一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式

独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：

1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。)

2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。)

3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。)

独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：

1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.

2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm.

3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.

二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式

独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词／代词＋分词(短语)外，还有如下特殊构成形式。

1.名词＋介词短语

1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands.(广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。)

2)Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house,a vast load of firewood on her back.(每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。)

2.名词＋形容词(短语)

1)The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。)

2)The wretched boy,who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks,is now sweeping away the snow,his hands numb with cold.(那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。)

3.名词＋副词

1)This little excitement over,nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.(一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。)

2)This intermezzo over,he found himself surrounded by several stunning,

porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos.(这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。)

此外，with常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句：

1)With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。)

2)The traffic inched along,with horns honking.(汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。)

三、独立主格结构的用法

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。

1.作时间状语

1)My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.＝After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。)

2)The governor pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.＝While the governor was pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.(总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。)

2.作条件状语

1)Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.＝If weather permits,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。)

2)Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.＝If such is the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.(如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。)

3.作原因状语

1)The storm drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.＝Since the storm was drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.(由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。)

2)The Cossack being intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.(这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。)

4.作伴随状语

1)I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side.＝I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,and the people fell back respectfully on either side.(我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。)

2)He would appear in the doorway,gray fedora pulled low over his face,his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble.＝He would appear in the doorway.A gray fedora was pulled low over his face,and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble.(他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。)

四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略

独立主格结构是一常考项目，在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：

1)All flights ______ ,we decided to take a greyhound.

A.were canceled

B.had been canceled

C.having canceled

D.having been canceled

2)The production ______ steadily,the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material.

A.has gone up B.is going up

C.having gone up D.being gone up

此类题型的解题策略可以概括为"结构分析法"，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断：1)选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句(但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导)；2)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语(但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语)；3)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构(独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子)。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。

上述例题1)中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为"班机"是"被取消"的。

同样，例题2)中的选项A和B与名词the production构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与the production都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，"产量在稳步增长"，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。

此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。

Answer 2

事实上，此题摘自NCE第三册的课后练习，原文第一段：
Lesson 9 Flying cats 飞猫
Q: How do cats try to protect themselves when falling from great heights?
Cats never fail to fascinate human beings. They can be friendly and affectionate
towards humans, but they lead mysterious lives of their own as well. they never
become submissive like dogs and horses. As a result, humans have learned to
respect feline independence. Most cats remain suspicious of humans all their
lives. One of the things that fascinaes us most about cats is the popular belief
that they have nine lives. Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this
idea. A cat’s ability to survive falls is based on fact.

Recently the New York Animal medical Centre made a study of 132 cas over a
period of five months. All these cats had one experience in common: they had
fallen off high buildings, yet only eight of them died from shock or injuries.
Of course, New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because
there is no shortage of tall buildings. There are plenty of high-rise
windowsills to fall, from! One cat ,Sabrina, fell 32 storeys, yet only suffered
from a broken tooth. ‘Cats behave like well-trained paratroopers,’ a doctor
said. It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure
themselves. In a long drop, they reach speeds of 60 miles an hour and more. At
high speeds, falling cats have time to relax. They stretch out their legs like
flying squirrels. This increases their air-resistance and reduces the shock of
impact when they hid the ground.

10 _____ there is a good deal of truth in this idea. (l.7)
a. As a matter of fact b. In the event c. It would seem d. Surprisingly enough
练习上给的答案和解释是：
10． C
it would seem (that )… ----apparently

对于这道题，我也有疑问！！！，题目的意图显然是对原句中的apparently作出解释的，因为后面主句照抄不误！，问题就来了：原题句有个逗号，为何问题句中没有了逗号？是不是漏打了？
如果有这个逗号，是不是正确答案就是A呢？
因为没有了这个逗号，才选C的吧？那我问一下：It is said that--主语从句， It seems that-主语从句中的连词that可以省略吗？
还有为什么C项用虚拟语气it would seem而不是it seems呢？因为it would seem 比it seems 的语气是更不肯定！而apperently可以用Obviously来代替的!,很明显，c项并不是最佳替换，甚至是错误的！
是的，apparently 是有三个不同的解释：表面上地：明显地，似乎
但是在此文中，似乎不是”似乎“，而是第二种解释。
最后，选择题设计的原则：四个选项的功能、词性应该相同，另三项具有干扰性，很显然，该题中的ABD是状语性质的，与原句的apparently词性相同，功能相同，而It would seem that-选项属于句子转换而非词语解释，该项显然与另三项不同类，也就是说，如果说，此题答案是C，则也是 一失败的题，因为另三项一点干扰作用都没有！有人说了，这三项是需要有逗号的，这一个没有逗号，就可以排除三个了！而如果有了逗号呢？则只能排除C项（会出题的，有逗号，也不会出这样的C项，应该出副词性的短语才行！），接下来，还是要理解apparently在原文中的确切含义，选择三个中的一个为最佳答案。
实际上，B项也不是很有干扰性。D项倒是有一定的干扰性。如我下面所说，本书后面的练习题，有问题者不少！

结论：原题设计不当，可能打字疏忽，原题中有逗号。
参考答案因逗号而误解。原作者的答案为A
新概念英语自上世纪70年代进入中国以来，经久不衰。此书是经得起考验的。不过，由中国人改版的NCE，在课文前加了听力问题，在后面加了不少的选择题，此乃何教授的学生所为吧，有不少题是有问题的。这不是原版的问题。要批判地使用。
以上回答你满意么？

Answer 3

b.独立主格结构。

Answer 4

选B，being

Answer 5

独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2） 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3） 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4） 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
7. There being +名词（代词）如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词（代词）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。