第1个回答 2007-01-05
虚拟语气是英语中用来表示对不可能发生的事物的一种猜测或假设的语气。英语中的虚拟语气常见的类型有:条件状语从句中的虚拟语气,后宾语从句中的虚拟语气,某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气,某些结构后主语从句中的虚拟语气等。本课中出现的条件状语从句中的虚拟语气,本将只讨论条件状语从句中的虚拟语气。
"if"条件状语从句中的虚拟语气的结构如下表:
虚拟类型从句主句
对现在情况的假设一般过去时would+动词原形
对将来情况的假设一般过去时would+动词原形
对过去情况的假设过去完成时would + have + 过去分词
一、对现在情况的假设
本课课文中出现了虚拟语气,主要表示对不可能发生或不太可能发生的现在情况的假设,其中使用虚拟语气的句子有:
1)If you were an Inuit near the North Pole, you would enjoy the raw meat from seals.
2)If you were a man living in the grassland, you would prefer the roasted meat of sheep or goats.
3)If you were in Germany, you would find soup that is thick and heavy.
4)If you were in China, you would find soup that is thin and clear.
以上各句所体现都是条件状语从句中的虚拟语气,表示对不可能发生或不太可能发生的现在情况的假设。
对现在情况假设的虚拟语气的构成如下:
1)条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would + enjoy 构成
2)条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would + prefer 构成
3)条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would + find 构成
4)条件状语从句中用were,而主句中则用would + find 构成
二、对将来情况的假设
1)If I had enough time, I would certainly go.
2)If you hurried up, you would catch that train.
3)If you studied hard in college, you would find a good job in the future.
1.如果我有足够的时间,我一定会去。
2.如果你快一点,你还会赶上那趟列车。
3.如果你在大学里努力学习,将来你就会找到一份好工作。
对将来情况的假设的虚拟语气的构成如下:
1)条件状语从句中用had,而主句中则用would + go 构成
2)条件状语从句中用hurried,而主句中则用would + catch 构成
3)条件状语从句中用studied,而主句中则用would + find 构成
三、对过去情况的假设
1)If you had begun to do your homework earlier, you would have completed them.
2)If I had listened to the teacher, I would have finished reading the English book.
3)If Tom had prepared the mid-term exam well, he would have passed it.
1)如果你早点开始做家庭作业,你早就做完了。
2)如果我听了老师的话,我该把这本英语书看完了。
3)要是汤姆为其中考试做了充分准备,这次其中考试他就及格了。
对过去情况假设的虚拟语气的构成如下:
1)条件状语从句中用had begun,而主句中则用would + have + complete构成
2)条件状语从句中用had listened ,而主句中则用would + have + finished构成
3)条件状语从句中用had prepared,而主句中则用would + have + passed 构成
四、条件句虚拟语气中的情态动词该如何选用?
条件句虚拟语气中的情态动词是否只能使用would条件句虚拟语气主句除了可使用would外还可以便用might, could和should。其中should多用于第一人称后。在美国英语中在第一人称后多用would。
1)If I have enough time, I should have finished it. 如果我有足够的时间,我会完成它的。
2)If he hadn't been ill, he might have come. 要不是生病,他可能就来了。
3)If I had been more careful, I could have done better. 我要是细心一点,是可以做得更好的。
五、条件句虚拟语气从句中的be动词的正确形式是
条件句虚拟语气中从句中的be动词不管是什么人称,多用were形式。但在非正式特别是口语中,第一、三人称单数也可以使用was。
1)If he were here now, he would give us a hand. 如果他现在在这儿,他会帮助我的。
2)If I were you, I would not go. 如果我是你,我是不会去的。
3)If she was here, we could ask her.如果她在这儿,我们可以问她。
六、条件状语从句中的虚拟语气的倒装形式是
当条件句虚拟语气的从句中含有"be, have, should, could四个词,从句可以倒装。倒装的形式是把这四个单词提前至句首,将If省略,剩下的句序不变。
1)Were I you, I would study hard. 如果我是你,我就会好好学习。
2)Had I had enough home, I would have done it better.如果我有足够的时间,我会把这件事做得更好。
3)Should John come now, what would you say to him ?如果约翰现在来,你会对他说些什么?
4)Could the dead man have spoken, he would have identified his murderer.如果死人会说话,他会认出谁是谋害他的人。
第3个回答 2007-01-06
虚拟语气的定义
虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或纯粹的空想等非真实情况。
· 非真实条件句及其分类
非真实条件句是相对于真实条件句而言的。我们以前所学的条件状语从句都是属于真实条件句。 <><><> 非真实条件句的分类: 一. 与现在事实相反; 二. 与过去事实相反; 三. 与将来事实可能相反。
· 非真实条件句(1)
与现在事实相反 从句的谓语用动词过去式或were, 主句的谓语用would(should) + 动词原形。 If the weather were fine, we would (should) go out for a walk. 如果天气晴朗,我们就要出去散散步。(实际天气不好。) If I were you, I would not be so angry. 如果我是你的话,我不会那么生气。(实际上,我就不可能是你。) If I had a lot of money now, I would buy a car. 如果现在我有很多钱,我会买小车。(实际上,我没有很多钱。)
· 非真实条件句(2)
与过去事实相反 从句的谓语用had+过去分词, 主句的谓语用would(should) have+ 过去分词。 If you had previewed the text, you wouldn’t fail to answer the question. 如果你有预习课文的话,你就不至于不会回答这个问题。 She would have come if she hadn’t been so busy. 如果她不是这么忙的话,她早就来了。
· 非真实条件句(3)
与将来事实相反 从句的谓语用 动词过去式,should +动词原形,或were to + 动词原形; 主句的谓语用would(should, could, might)+ 动词原形。 If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should go to see the film. 如果明天是星期天的话,我就会去看电影。(实际上,明天不是星期天。) If she should come, I would ask her for help. 如果她会来,我就会请求她的帮助。 If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way. 要是我来做这件事,我会用不同的方式来做。
· 用倒装句表示非真实条件
如果条件状语从句的谓语动词中含有were, had, should, 可以省略连词if,把were, had, should,放在主语前构成倒装。如果条件状语从句是否定形式,倒装时只能把not放在主语的后面,不能用缩写形式而把not一起放到主语之前。 Should there be a flood, what should we do? 万一发生了水灾,我们该怎么办呢? Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty. 要是没有他们的帮助,我们会陷入困境。 Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早十分钟到达车站的话,你早就赶上火车了。
· 虚拟语气:含蓄条件句
通过介词短语,副词或上下文来表示假设、条件的虚拟语气表达法叫做含蓄条件句。 We took a taxi to the airport. Otherwise we should have been late. 我们打的去空港。要不然的话我们说不定就迟到了。 Without music, the world would be a dull place. 如果没有音乐,这个世界将变成一个沉闷的地方。 What would you do with a million dollars? 如果你有一百万美元你会做什么?
· 虚拟语气:主语从句
形容词为necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential时, 在“It + be + 形容词或过去分词 + 主语从句”中,主语从句要虚拟。 It is necessary that the problem (should) be discussed at once. 立刻讨论这个问题很有必要。 It is strange that he (should) have so many friends. 太奇怪了,他有那么多的朋友。 It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. 已经决定推迟这个会议。
· 虚拟语气:宾语从句
一些含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词后面的宾语从句要用should+原形动词结构,should往往可以省略。 这类动词有: advice, arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, require, request, suggest等。 I suggested that he study harder. 我建议他用功一些。(这一题要特别注意:为什么study用原形。) I insisted that he (should) go. 我强调他应当去。 She commanded that we (should) attack at once. 她命令我们必须立刻进攻。 I demand that John go there at once. 我要求约翰必须立刻到那儿去。
· 虚拟语气:表语从句
主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。 My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。 Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。