有关电脑的发展史,英文版

Question

提供一篇简短,易懂的电脑发展历程,先进的信息技术等相关内容,不胜感激!

Answer 1

History of computer development
5th century BC, Chinese invented the abacus. It is widely used in commercial trade, and this is the first calculation tool. It’s also considered the prototype of a computer. Until the 17th century, computing devices have a second important step forward. In 1666, Samuel Morland who was English ，invented the addend and subtrahend machine.
1832, Babbage and Joseph Clement made a computing device. It’s Size nearly as big a house. January 1943: In the United States, An advanced computer was developed which weighs 5 tons, 75 million parts. These computers are mainly used in the war began.1987: A supercomputer release, which can made 200 million operations per second. At present, the type of computer has a lot of friends, according to the computer’s processing speed classification, It can be divided into five types：supercomputers,mainframes,minicomputers,workstations and microcomputers
"Who invented the computer?” The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers. The development of computers reflects the wisdom of modern humans.
译文：
计算机的发展史
公元前5世纪，中国人发明了算盘。它被广泛应用于商业贸易，这是第一次的计算工具。 它也被认为是一台电脑的原型。直到17世纪，计算设备的第二个重要的一步。1666年，塞缪尔·莫兰德是英国人，是加数和减数机的发明者。1832年，巴贝奇和约瑟夫·克莱门特发明了计算设备。它的大小几乎一样大的房子。1943年1月：在美国，开发了先进的计算机，它重达5吨，75万件。这些电脑主要用于在战争开始。1987年：一个超级版本，它可以每秒运算200万。目前，计算机的类型有很多朋友，根据计算机的处理速度分类，可分为五种类型：超级计算机、大型机、小型机、工作站和微型计算机。
“谁发明了计算机？”真正的答案是，许多发明家计算机的历史贡献。计算机的发展，反映了现代人类的智慧。

Evolution of the Computer:
The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.
1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??.
1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it.
1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom.
1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine.
1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system.
1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.
1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers.
1941, Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system.
1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma.
1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.
1945: Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept.
1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios.
1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient.
1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.

Answer 2

Milestones in Computer Development
WEBLIOGRAPHY AND CREDITS
2000 B.C. The abacus is first used for computations.
1642 A.D. Blaise Pascal creates a mechanical adding machine for tax computations. It is unreliable.
1670 Gottfried von Liebniz creates a more reliable adding machine that adds, subtracts, multiplies, divides, and calculates square roots.
1842 Charles Babbage designs an analytical engine to perform general calculations automatically. Ada Augusta (a.k.a. Lady Lovelace) is a programmer for this machine.
1890 Herman Hollerith designs a system to record census data. The information is stored as holes in cards, which are interpreted by machines with electrical sensors. Hollerith starts a company that will eventually become IBM.
1939 John Atanasoff, with graduate student Clifford Berry, designs and builds the first electronic digital computer. His project was funded by a grant for 650$.
1946 J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly design and build the ENIAC computer. It used 18,000 vacuum tubes and cost $500,000 to build.
1946 John von Neumann proposes that a program be stored in a computer in the same way that data are stored. His proposal, called the "von Neumann architecture," is the basis for modern computers.
1951 Eckert and Mauchly build the first general-purpose commercial computer, the UNIVAC.
1957 An IBM team, led by John Backus, designs the first successful high-level programming language, FORTRAN, for solving engineering and science problems.
1958 The first computer to use the transistor as a switching device, the IBM 7090, is introduced.
1964 The first computer to use integrated circuits, the IBM 360, is announced.
1965 The CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system is introduced. It allows several users simultaneously to use, or share, a single computer.
1970 A first version of the UNIX operating system is running on the DEC PDP-7.
1971 Nicklaus Wirth designs the Pascal programming language as a language for teaching structured programming concepts.
1972 Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey develops the language C.
1973 Part of the UNIX operating system is implemented in C.
1975 The first microcomputer, the Altair, is introduced.
1975 The first supercomputer, the Cray-1, is announced.
1976 Digital Equipment Corporation introduces its popular minicomputer, the DEC VAX 11/780.
1977 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple Computer.
1978 Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston develop the first electronic spreadsheet, called VisiCalc, for the Apple computer.
1979-82 Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey introduces "C with Classes."
1981 IBM introduces the IBM PC.
1983-85 C with Classes is redesigned and reimplemented as C++.
1984 Apple introduces the Macintosh, the first widely available computer with a "user-friendly" graphical interface using icons, windows, and a mouse device.
1988 Work on standardization of C++ begins.
1989 Microsoft Corporation introduces Windows for IBM computers.
1989 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) publishes the first standard for the C programming language.

参考资料：http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/

Answer 3

History of computer development
5th century BC, Chinese invented the abacus. It is widely used in commercial trade, and this is the first calculation tool. It’s also considered the prototype of a computer. Until the 17th century, computing devices have a second important step forward. In 1666, Samuel Morland who was English ，invented the addend and subtrahend machine.
1832, Babbage and Joseph Clement made a computing device. It’s Size nearly as big a house. January 1943: In the United States, An advanced computer was developed which weighs 5 tons, 75 million parts. These computers are mainly used in the war began.1987: A supercomputer release, which can made 200 million operations per second. At present, the type of computer has a lot of friends, according to the computer’s processing speed classification, It can be divided into five types：supercomputers,mainframes,minicomputers,workstations and microcomputers
"Who invented the computer?” The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers. The development of computers reflects the wisdom of modern humans.
译文：
计算bai机的发展史
公元前5世纪du，中国人发明了算zhi盘。它被广泛应用于商业贸易，这是第一次的dao计算工具。 它也被认为是一台电脑的原型。直到17世纪，计算设备的第二个重要的一步。1666年，塞缪尔·莫兰德是英国人，是加数和减数机的发明者。1832年，巴贝奇和约瑟夫·克莱门特发明了计算设备。它的大小几乎一样大的房子。1943年1月：在美国，开发了先进的计算机，它重达5吨，75万件。这些电脑主要用于在战争开始。1987年：一个超级版本，它可以每秒运算200万。目前，计算机的类型有很多朋友，根据计算机的处理速度分类，可分为五种类型：超级计算机、大型机、小型机、工作站和微型计算机。
“谁发明了计算机？”真正的答案是，许多发明家计算机的历史贡献。计算机的发展，反映了现代人类的智慧。
Evolution of the Computer:
The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.
1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??.
1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it.
1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom.
1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine.
1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system.
1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.
1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers.
1941, Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introduced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system.
1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma.
1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.
1945: Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept.
1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios.
1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient.
1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.