英语人称代词主格和宾格的某些习惯用法就是突破语法规则的特赦语言现象。
一、当人称代词作表语时,按其语法规则应用主格形式。例如:
A: Who is there?谁在那儿?
B: It's I. 是我。
但是在实际口头交际中,几乎没有什么人说“It is I”这样的话了,甚至有人把“It is I”称为“做作的英语”,而把“It is me”称为“地道的英语”。例如:
“That's him,”said Ann Veronica in sound idiomatic English.“就是他”,安·维罗尼卡用十分地道的英语说道。
“He may be me,”said Father Brown,with cheerful contempt for grammar.“他可能就是我,”布朗神父说道,得意洋洋地蔑视起语法来了。
Our navy is no more superfluity to us:It is us.我国的海军对我们绝不只是可有可无的——它是我们的命根子。
二、当人称代词作主语时,理应用主格代词。例如:
I like him very much.我非常喜欢他。
He gave me a book.他给了我一本书。
但符合下列条件之一者,亦可用宾格人称代词。
1、在自由对话中。例如:
A:Who can drive a bus?谁会开车?
B:Me.我。
A:Who's for a game of tennis.谁要打网球?
B:Me.我。
A:I'm in love.我在恋爱。
B:Me too.我也是。
2、在表示惊奇、反诘、否定、轻蔑、不满和厌烦等感情色彩中。例如:
A:You ought to do it.你应该做这件事。
B:What,me! 什么,我?!
A:I believe he wants to make
you a minister.我相信他要让你当部长。
B:Him! He'd lose the war first.他?!他会先输了这场战争的。
上述几句中均无动词,在下面的句子中尽管出现动词,但只是用非限定性形式。例如:
Me married? I don't think.我结婚了?没这回事。
What! Me fight a big chap like him?Not me!什么!要我跟他这样的大个儿斗?我可不干。
3、在 there be 或 here be 句式中。例如:
There used to be three of us, but now there's only me.以前我们是三个人,而现在只剩下我一个人了。
Here's the boy in gaol and me disgraced forever.这孩子坐了牢,让我永远丢脸。
4、在表示补充说明或意义上转折的句子中使用,有人称之为绝对结构(absolute construction)或省略结构(elliptical construction)。例如:
I was hungry and tired and me without a cent to my name.我又饿有累,而且一文不名。
We had to wade across the street----and me in my best suit.我们得涉水过街,而且我还穿着最好的衣服。
5、在有形容词作人称代词的定语时。例如:
Poor little me always gets the blame.可怜年幼的我老是受责备。
Tall and strong him broke the record for high-jump.身材高大结实的他打破了跳高记录。
6、当人称代词和其他名词并列作句中的主语是。例如:
Lily and me have made up our minds.莉莉和我都下定了决心。
Me and my co-Directors have warned he town again and again what would happen.我和我一起合作的董事们一再提出警告,这个城镇会出事的。
这种人称代词宾格代替主格的用法只见于非正式文体中,在正式英语或书面考试英语中仍应用主格形式。
三、人称代词作宾格时,语法规则要求用宾格,而不能用主格。例如:
Mary loves him very much.玛丽很爱他。
但是,当动词跟随一个并列宾语,而且前一个宾语是代词you或名词时,第二个用作宾语的代词可用主格。例如:
He won't let you and I into the house .他不让你和我进房间去。
Let you and I be friends!咱俩交个朋友吧!
It made Dad and I laugh.这弄得爸爸和我都笑起来了。
She saw you and I last night.她昨晚见到了你和我。
介词后面的并列代词用作宾语时也有这样的情况。例如:
There was agreement between Mr Thumbrill and I.托姆利尔先生和我意见一致。
It's no more use for you and I to kick.你我再发牢骚也没用了。
按照一般语法规则,以上几句中用I的地方都应该用me,因为它们分别用作宾语。但在口语,甚至现在的书面语中,人们常常用I 作动词或介词后面的第二个宾语。
四、在as,than引导的比较状语从句中,人称代词的应用比较复杂。
1、当句中的动词为不可以要求以人作宾语的及物动词时,than,as后面的人称代词既可用主格(符合语法规则)也可用宾格(习惯用法)。试比较:
She speaks English faster than I.She speaks English faster than me.她讲英语比我快。
He talks English as well as I.He talks English as well as me.他英语讲的同我一样好。
2、当句中的动词为不及物动词或系动词时,than,as后面的人称代词可用主格(符合语法规则),亦可用宾格(习惯用法),而且在现代英语中用宾格的情况越来越普遍。试比较:
He is older than I.He is older than me.他比我年龄大。
She runs as fast as I.She runs as fast as me.她跑得跟我一样快。
3、当句中谓语动词为及物动词时,than,as后面的人称代词应根据它们在句中所充当的成分(主语和宾语)分别用主格或宾格。人称代词作主语,该用主格;否则,应用宾格。例如:
Mary likes him better than I.(=Mary likes him better than I like him.)玛丽比我更喜欢他。
Mary likes him better than me.(=Mary likes him better than she likes me.)玛丽更喜欢的是他而不是我。
She knows me as well as he.(=She and he both know me.)她和他都了解我。
She knows me as well as him.(=She knows me and him.)她既了解他,也了解我。
尽管在非正式语体中,也有人把作主语的人称代词用宾语形式表示,如把“Mary likes him better than I.”说成“Mary likes him better than me.”,但从目前的情况来看,这种既不合乎语法规则,意义也不明确的作法都是不足效法的,应当避免使用。
4、在 It be…that强调结构中,如果句子的主语是人称代词,要强调其主语,语法规则要求用主格。例如:
I went to Shanghai three days ago. →It was I that (who) went to Shanghai three days ago.是我三天前去过上海的。
但是在日常谈话,甚至在书面英语中,也会碰到用宾格的现象。例如:
It was me that did it.(=It was I that did it.)是我做了那件事。
It's him that is a genius(=It's he that is a genius)他才是一位天才。
相反,在强调用作宾语的代词时,却以主格形式出现。例如:
It was she that we met yesterday.(=It was her that we met yesterday.)我们昨天碰到的是她。
It is I that he loves.(=It is me that he loves.)他喜欢的是我。
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