1.A girl fell into the lake, struggling in the water.
struggling in the water(动词短语当补语) into the lake(介词短语当宾语)
2.He refused to tailors that shirt.
to tailors that shirt(不定词短语当宾语)
3.To spend more time in English, so English has improved, but the math down.
To spend more time in English(不定词短语当主语)
4.Yesterday, soldiers marched ten miles.
没有短语吧?
5.I go there for the coin jar of money, want to see how much full everyday.
for the coin jar of money(动词短语当宾语)
want to see how much full everyday. (什么语充当补语?)
参考资料:英语牛人团