中文摘要 高校毕业生是宝贵的人力资源。随着我国教育大众化进程的快速发展,毕业生人数的急剧增加,实现充分就业问题日益突出。当前,高校毕业生的就业形势是:一方面是人才短缺,另一方面是现有的毕业生就业难,这一结构性矛盾,已成为全国都在关注的课题。因此,对大学生充分就业、合理就业进行深入研究和探讨,对于实现高等教育的根本目的、缓解我国目前大学生就业难问题、促进大学生全面发展与满足劳动者自身基本需要、构建“以人为本”的和谐社会等,都具有十分重要的意义。本论文对部分2007届毕业生的就业现状进行了问卷调查。调查结果发现:近7成大学生认为求职比较困难;大学生在求职过程中花费的时间和金钱越来越多;对就业地区的选择集中在东南沿海城市,近8成学生不愿意去基层就业;大学生的收入预期趋于合理;希望就业指导内容多样化;近半成的大学生有毕业后创业的想法,但其为以后创业所作的准备不足;网络和社会资本在大学生求职过程中被大量使用;大学生认为影响求职进度的原因主要是自身的专业在市场上需求不足,学校的品牌的影响以及自身心态和就业能力欠佳。影响我国大学毕业生就业的原因是多方面的,既有调查结果揭示的高校和学生自身的问题,也有外部政策和经济环境因素,主要影响因子包括:人才市场有效需求不足;学校品牌影响大学生就业;大学扩招产生的某些影响;社会资本过度化造成不平等竞争;大学生的就业地区的预期过于集中等。基于调查结论和国外发达国家促进就业的政策,提出了促进我国大学生充分就业的对策建议。从扩大需求的角度出发,我国必须首先大力发展经济,增加就业岗位;要刺激创业精神,创造就业岗位;要完善已有大学生面向基层就业的项目,开发更多面向基层就业的项目;要开拓国际劳动力市场;最后逐步推行弹性离退休政策,增加就业岗位。从完善和优化供给的角度出发,高校要实施产学研合作教育,提高学生整体就业能力。从增强供求匹配的角度出发,要积极发挥高校就业指导机构的作用,为大学生提供多样化就业指导,帮助学生进行有效的职业决策。
外文摘要 College and university graduates are precious personnel resource. Their employment problems have already become one of the focuses that people have paid close attention to. As the policy promotion of higher education popularization of our country, and the graduate's employment problem is outstanding day by day. On one hand talent's shortage in some areas of our country, on the other hand the existing difficulty graduate obtains employment. So carrying on further investigation and discussion on university student's full employment, rational employment are significant not only to realize the higher education purpose, and alleviate university student's employment question of our country at present, but also to promote university students to all-round develop and meet one's own basic need, and the development which structure the harmonious society of our country. This thesis has carried on questionnaire investigation to the employment current situation of the graduate in 2007 of our country, the investigation result was found: nearly seventy percent of the university students think it is more difficult to hunt for a job; There are more and more time and money costing in the course of hunting for a job; The choice of the employment area centres in the southeast coastal cities, nearly eighty-percent of the students are unwilling to go to the rural area to obtain employment; The expectancy of university students’income tends towards rationally; The graduate hope for the content diversification of careers guidance; Nearly half university student that become have an idea that start an undertaking after graduating, but they do not prepare enough for start an undertaking; The network and social capital are used in a large amount while university students hunting for a job; The graduate think that the reasons for influencing progress of hunting for a job are mainly include one’s own speciality demand of deficiency on the market, the brand of the school, one’s own psychology and employment ability are not good enough. Reasons for influencing graduate's employment of our country are in many aspects, there are not only universities and student's own problems that already investigation results have announced, but also external policy and economic environmental factor, the main factors influencing graduate's employment of our country include: the relative demand in the human resources pool is insufficient; the school brand influences university students to obtain employment; enlarged enrollment; the excessive imbalance of social leads to unfair competition; The expectancy of university students' employment area is too centralized. On the basis of investigation and reference the policy that the foreign developed country promotes employment, this thesis has put forward the countermeasure and suggestion which promote university student’s full employment of our country. In term of expanding the demand, our country must develop economy at first; stimulate enterprising spirit secondly; thirdly, the State perfect the already project that university students employment facing rural area, and develop more projects employment facing grass-root; fourthly, exploit the international labor market; finally, pursue the elastic leave and retirement policy progressively. In term of expanding supplying with, the university will implement directional cultivation & production-study co-operative education. The careers guidance organization of the university should play the effective role, offer diversified careers guidance to university student to strengthen the match of supply and demand.
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