中考英语语法汇总(名词,冠词,代词 ,形容词 ,数词,动词,副词,介词 ,连词,非谓语,句子成分 ,语态,时态)
Ⅰ词类。
词类英语名称意义例词
名词The Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称Basket,mouth,hospital,year,train
冠词The Article(art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a,an,the
代词The Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词They,his,him,mine,which,all
形容词The Adjective(adj.)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征Long,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungry
数词The Numeral(num.)表示数量或顺序Three,thirteen,twenty,second
动词The Verb(v.)表示动作或状态Hear,write,swim,eat,borrow,sing
副词The Adverb(adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimes
介词The Preposition(prep.)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From,with,at,into,behind,between,for
连词The Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And,or,but,so,because
感叹词The Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dear
(一)名词:
专有名词:表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China,John,London,theUSA,Harbin.
1.名词个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,apple.可数名词
集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,class,police.
普通名词
物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton.
抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。如health,help,work,friendship.不可数名词
2.名词的数。可数名词有单复数,不可数名词没有单复数。
3.名词的格:名词有三个格:主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。
(二)冠词
1.定冠词-the .
○1 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。The students are very good.
○2 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ?
○3 重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black .
○4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth .
○5 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .
○6 洋乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the 。I like playing the piano / violin .
○7 和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人。We should help the poor . 但play Erhu.
○8 放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the People's Republic of China .
○9 放在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV .
○10 固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .
2.不定冠词-a / an .
○1 指人或事物的某一种类。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs.
○2 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.
○3 指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.
○4 不定冠词还可以指"事物的单位",如"每日"、"每斤"等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.
3.零冠词。
○1 泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature .
○2 抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时,通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice .
○3 有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义,其前面也常不加冠词。We had better send him to hospital at once.
○4 在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.
○5 在三餐饭、球棋类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball.
○6 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。September 10th is Teachers' Day.
○7 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor.
○8 在语言名词前,名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时,不用冠词。This is his book. I can speak English .
○9 不用冠词的惯用语。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。
(三)代词
类 别 作 用 例 词 例 句
人称代词 代替人或事物,主格作主语,宾客作宾语 数
格 人称 单 数 复 数 I am a teacher .
They are students .
We all like him .
He gave the book to me .
一 二 三 一 二 三
主 格 I you he She it we you they
宾 格 me you him Her it us you them
物主代词 形容词性只作定语,名词性可以作主、宾、表语等,表示所属关系 词义
类型 我的 你
的 他的 她
的 它
的 我们的 你们的 他们
的 My book is there.
Her father is a worker.
This bike is yours, ours is broken .
形容词性 my your his her its our your their
名词词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词 起强调作用,只作同位语和宾语 数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 We ourselves did the work.
He did the work by himself.
单 数 myself yourself himself herself itself
复 数 ourselves yourselves themselves
相互代词 表示相互关系,作宾语 宾 格 所 有 格 We should help each other.
Please correct each other's mistakes .
each other(两者相互) each other's(相互的)
one another(三者或三者以上) one another's(相互的)
指示代词 起指示作用,作定语、主语、宾语、表语等 This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.
My point is this .
不定代词 代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.
Neither answer is right.
疑问代词 表示疑问,构成特殊问句 who, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ?
关系代词 引导定语从句 which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new.
连接代词 引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句) what, who, that I know what you are doing .
at's what I hope .
(四)形容词
1.形容词的构成。
○1 简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping .
○2 复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.
2.形容词的用法。
○1 修饰名词作定语。She is a beautiful girl .
○2 作表语。He is very strong.
○3 作宾语补足语。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean .
○4 "定冠词+形容词"表示一类人或物,在句子中可作主语或宾语。We should speak to the old politely.
○5 大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语,但少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语。如:asleep, ill, awake 等。
○6 有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如:many, little, wooden, golden 等。
3.形容词的位置。
○1 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box.
○2 与表示度量的词连用,形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metres long. 12 kilometers away .
○3 与不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时,可以放在这些词之后。 Something important . nothing serious .
○4 当名词前有多个形容词修饰时,一般按下面的词序排列: 冠词(包括物主代词、序数词、基数词)-描述形容词(brave, beautiful)-表示形状(大小、长短、高矮)的形容词-表示年龄或新旧的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词-表示材料、物质的形容词-表示用途或类别的形容词-被修饰的词。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables .
4.形容词的比较级和最高级。(一般加 er / est ,不规则见表)
○1 原级的用法:"……和……相同"
A. 肯定句:A + 动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + B . He is as tall as me .
B. 否定句:A… + not as +形容词原级 + as + B (即A 不如 B 那么…)
A… + not so +形容词原级 + as + B = A…+ less + 形容词原级+than + B .
○2 比较级的用法:
A. A + 动词 + 形容词的比较级 + than + B . (A 比B 更… ,在这种句型中,比较级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修饰,表示"…得多","甚至…","更…","…一点儿"。
B. "比较级 + and + 比较级"、 "more and more + 部分双音节或多音节的原级" 译为"越来越…"。
○3 最高级的用法:(个体用-of ,范围用-in,最高级前面要用定冠词-the)
A. 三种最高级表示法。
最高级:Shanghai is the largest city in China .
比较级:Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .
原级: No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .
(五)数词
1.基数词:
1-12 13-19 20-90 100-
1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a hundred
2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300 three hundred
3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000 a thousand
4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000 five thousand
5 five 17 seventeen 40 forty 1,000,000 a million
6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty 1,000,000,000 a billion
7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty
8 eight 70 seventy
9 nine 80 eighty
10 ten 90 ninety
11 eleven
12 twelve
2.序数词:
1-10 11-19 20-90 100-
1 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20 twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth 100th
2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 12th 21 twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and third 103rd
3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth 13th 30 thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th
4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37 thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth 200th
5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th
6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th
7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th
8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th
9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th
10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90th
○1作主语:The first is better than the second .
○2 作宾语:He was among the first to arrive .
○3 作表语:He is the first to come to school .
○4 作定语:The ninth letter of the word "restaurant" is "n" ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .
(六)动词
类 别 意 义 例 子 例 句
行为动词 含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。 及物动词 后面一定接宾语 Open, visit, hear … He visited Gaozhou yesterday.
不及物动词 后面可以不接宾语 Laugh, cry, live … He lives in Beijing .
连系动词(link v) 本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。 Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem … The meat smells bad .
He is a student .
助动词(v.aux.) 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式 Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would … He doesn't speak English .
We are playing football .
He had gone to Beijing .
情态动词(Modal Verbs) 本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to … She can speak English .
May I speak to Ann, please、
We must go now .
注:动词(除情态动词,只有原形和过去式)有原形、第三人称单数、动词-ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。
(七) 副词
1.副词的种类:
○1 时间副词:often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now …
○2 地点副词:here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere …
○3 方式副词:hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully …
○4 程度副词:very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough …
○5 疑问副词:how, when, where, why …
○6 关系副词:when, where, why … (引导定语从句)
○7 连接副词:how, when, where, why, whether …
○8 频率副词:often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly …
○9 其他副词:really, certainly, surely, maybe …
2.副词的用法:
○1 作状语 : He can finish the work easily .
○2 作定语(要后置) : The students here are from Harbin .
○3 作表语 : I must be off now .
○4 作宾补,构成复合宾语 : Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .
3.副词的比较级和最高级。(一般加 er / est ,不规则见表)
○1 副词的原级:
A. as + 副词的原级 + as "与…一样"
B. not as(so) + 副词的原级 + as "与…不一样"
C. too + 副词的原级 + to do sth . "太…而不能"
D. so + 副词的原级 + that 从句 "如此…以致于…"
E. 副词的原级 + enough to do sth . "足够…能做…"
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