弗莱原型理论英语翻译

Question

在弗莱看来，神话是一种结构形式，神的诞生、历险、胜利、受难、死亡、复活是一个完整的循环故事，正如昼夜更替，四季循环一样。神的生与死，死后又复活，包含着文学的一切故事。文学总的说来是“移位”的神话，文学不过是神话的赓续，神话移位为文学，神也变成文学中的各类人物。弗莱考察了欧洲文学的创作实践，把文学的人物及叙述模式分为五类，即五种类别模式：
主人公若在类型上高于一般人和环境，就是超人的神，关于他的故事则是神话。
主人公若在程度上高于一般环境，则是传奇的英雄，是人而不是神了。但他行动在一个基本上不受自然规律支配的世界里，这里有魔法的宝剑，有会说人话的动物，有妖怪和女巫、符咒和奇迹等等。英雄也可以有超人的勇敢和毅力，这一切在神话世界里都并不违反可然律。在这里，我们离开神话，进入了传说、民间故事、童话等文学形式的领域。
主人公若在程度上高于一般人，但并不超越自然环境，则是一般领袖的人物。他又远远超出我们的权力、激情和表现力，但他的所作所为仍然处于社会批评和自然秩序的范围之内，这就是高等模仿形式即大多数史实和悲剧的主角。
主人公既不高于一般人，也不高于环境，他就成为我们普通人中的一个，与我们处于同一水平，他的行动的环境与我们的现实环境基本上遵循同样的可然律准则。这就是低等模仿形式即大多数喜剧和现实主义小说中的主角。
主人公在能力和智力方面低于我们，使我们感到是在居高俯视一个受奴役、受愚弄或荒诞的场面，这便是讽刺模式。
弗莱的原型批评理论有一重要的特点，即努力用宏观的眼光来考察整个欧洲文学的发展、流变从而总结出文学发展的规律。弗莱吧文学划分出五种模式之后，便开始提出他的文学史观念。他认为，欧洲文学恰好已经走过了以上五种形式，经历了从神话到讽刺文学的发展变化。在中世纪以前的时代，文学是紧密地依附于基督教的、古希腊罗马的、凯尔特或条顿民族的神话，是神话的时代。中世纪则是传奇文学的时代，或是描写游侠骑士的世俗传奇，或是表现圣徒或殉道故事的宗教传奇，而两者都以违反自然规律的奇迹达到使故事引人入胜的目的。文艺复兴时代的最具代表性的文学形式是悲剧和民族史诗。后来，一种新的中产阶级文化带来了低等模仿模式，这种模式在英国文学中从笛福的时代到19世纪末一直占据主导地位。而在法国文学中，它开始和结束的都要早半个世纪左右。而近百年间，大部分严肃的创作都有越来越趋于讽刺文学的形式。

Answer 1

In Fry, the myth is a form of structure, the birth of God, adventure, victory, suffering, death, resurrection is a complete cycle of the story, as the days and nights change, the same cycle of the seasons. God's life and death, death and resurrection, including all the literature of the story. Literature in general is "shift" the myth, literature, but the myth continued Geng, the myth of displacement for literature, God has become in all kinds of literary figures. Fry studied the creative practice of European literature, literary figures and the narrative mode is divided into five categories, namely, the five types of models:
If the main character in general than on the type of man and the environment, Superman is the God, on his story is myth.
If the main character in extent than the general environment, it is the legendary hero, who is not a god. However, he is essentially unregulated operations in a world dominated by the laws of nature, here are the magic sword, then people will say the animals, monsters and witches, spells and miracles, and so on. Hero Superman can also have the courage and perseverance, all these myths in the world are not contrary to law Ran. Here, we leave the myth, has entered legend, folk tales, fairy tales, and other forms of literature field.
If the main character in extent than most people, but it does not exceed the natural environment, it is the general leader of the People. He also goes far beyond our power, passion and expression, but he did remains in the natural and social criticism within the scope of the order, which is higher form of imitation is the majority of historical facts and the protagonist of the tragedy.
Heroine is not higher than that of ordinary people, not higher than that of the environment, he would become an ordinary person in, and we at the same level, his actions of the environment and the realities we basically follow the same criteria can be Ran law. This is to imitate the form of low comedy and reality that most of the main characters in the novel.
Heroine in the intellectual capacity and below us, we are in a high overlooking the slavery, or fooled by the absurd scenes, it is ironic mode.
Frye's criticism of a prototype of the important characteristics, namely, to use a macro perspective to study the development of the entire European literature, literary flow thus summed up the law of development. Fry it literature divided into five models, he began to put the concept of literary history. He believes that European literature has passed over just five forms, experienced a mockery of literature from myth to the development and changes. In the era before the Middle Ages, the literature is closely attached to Christianity, ancient Greece and Rome, Celtic or the myth of the Dayton nation, is the myth of the times. Literature is the medieval legend of the times, or about Chivalric Cleveland's secular legend, or the performance of saints or religious martyrdom story of the legendary, both violations of the laws of nature to the fascinating story of a miracle to achieve the objective. Renaissance literature the most representative form of a tragedy and national epic. Later, a new middle class and low culture has brought to imitate model, a model in English literature from Defoe in the era of the late 19th century has been the dominant position. In French literature, it should begin and end as early as about half a century. And nearly a hundred years, the most serious are increasingly creative in the form of literary irony.