请各位英语高手帮帮忙翻译下吧。。。谢谢啦，灰常感谢啊

Question

（1）任务型教学是指根据现实生活的交际需要确定语言学习任务,由学生围绕这一任务制订计划并通过自己的努力去实现计划、完成任务,而且在这一过程中不断评估自己的学习(Ellis,1999)。具体地讲,它以学生为中心,以任务为动力、手段和目标,学生在实践中运用已有的知识、技能,获得新知识和提高技能。

（2）建构主义（constructivism）也称为结构主义,是20世纪80年代末兴起的一种新的学习观,是行为主义发展到认知主义以后的最新教学理论。它最早由瑞士著名心理学家让•皮亚杰（J.Piaget）提出来。皮亚杰认为,一定的刺激只有被主体同化于认知结构中,主体才能做出反应,逐步建构起关于外部世界的知识,从而使自身认知结构得到发展。建构主义学习理论的内容十分丰富,但其核心内容就是：以学生为中心,强调学生对知识的主动探索、主动发现和对所学知识意义的主动建构。由此可见,建构主义学习理论更加强调学习者的主体作用,强调学习的主动性；强调学习的协商过程；强调学习是一种真实情境的体验。

（3）任务教学法（task-based approach）是一种建立在“建构主义”（constructivism）理论基础上的教学法。这种理论认为,学生知识的获得主要不是靠教师传授,而是学习者在一定的情境（即社会文化背景）下,借助他人（包括教师和学习伙伴）的帮助,利用必要的学习资料,通过意义建构方式获得。建构既是对新知识意义的建构,同时又包含对原有经验的改造和重组。
在任务教学法的实施过程中,利用建构主义原理,学生的学习活动与任务或问题相结合,以探索问题来引导和维持学习者的学习兴趣和动机；创建真实的教学环境,让学生带着真实的任务去学习,在这个过程中,学生拥有学习的主动权,教师能动地引导和激励,使学生真正掌握所学内容,并通过任务举一反三。

（4）任务型教学法就是以具体的任务为载体,学生以完成任务为动力,把知识和技能融为一体,用所学语言去做事情,同时在做事情的过程中发展和完善自己的语言能力。简单地说就是：为用而学,在学中用,学了就用。

（5）世界上许多著名的语言学家及教学法专家对任务下了不同的定义。Ellis(2003)认为任务是指以意义为中心的语言运用活动。J.Willis(1996)说任务指的是有目标的交际活动或学生为达到具体的某一目标而进行交际活动的过程。Nunsn(1989)指出交际性任务是一项课堂活动, 要求学生用目的语进行理解、操练、使用或交际。在这一过程中, 学生的注意力主要集中在语言意义上而非语言形式上。我们发现这其中都有一个共同特点,即任务就是注重意义而非语言形式的真实的语言交际使用。语言学习的“任务”就是有目标的交际活动或学生为达到某一目标而进行的交际活动的过程,是一种“在实践中学习”(learningbydoing)(Wilson)的一种语言实践。

（6）英语新课标明确提出“倡导任务型教学途径,培养学生综合语言运用能力”。这里所说的任务型教学,即以具体的任务为学习动力或动机,以完成任务的过程为学习的过程,以展示任务成果的方式（而不是以测试的分数）来体现教学的成就。
任务型教学法在英语教学中的应用是交际教学法在20世纪八十年代的新发展,是交际教学法的一种新形式。该教学法以学生为中心,教师设计具体的、带有明确目标的活动,让学生用目的语通过协商、讨论,解决某一具体问题。

Answer 1

(1) the task-based teaching is based on real-life communicative needs determine the language learning task, students from around this one task planning and through their own efforts to achieve the plan, complete the task, and in the process of continuous assessment of their own learning ( Ellis, 1999). Specifically, it takes the students as the center, to the task of driving force, means and goals, students in practice to apply the knowledge, skills, acquire new knowledge and skills.

( 2) the constructivist ( constructivism ) also known as structuralism, is rising in the late nineteen eighties a new learning concept, is from behaviorism to cognitivism the latest teaching theory. It is the earliest by the famous Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget ( J.Piaget ) proposed. Piaget thinks, certain stimuli only by body assimilates to the cognitive structure, the main body to react, gradually build up their knowledge about the outside world, so that their cognitive structure development. Constructivist learning theory is rich in content, but its core content is: take the student as the center, emphasizes the students' knowledge of active exploration, active discovery and knowledge of the significance of the active construction. Therefore, constructivism learning theory emphasizes the main role of the learner, learning initiative; emphasize the negotiation process; that learning is a realistic situation experience.

( 3) the task teaching method ( task-based approach ) is based on a" constructivism" ( constructivism ) based on the theory of teaching method. This theory thinks, students gain the knowledge is not depend on Teachers' learning, but in certain situations ( i.e., social culture background ), with others (including teachers and learning partner ) help, uses the essential learning materials, through constructing meaning access. New construction is not only to construct knowledge and meaning, but also include the original experience of the reform and reorganization.

The task teaching method in the implementation process, based on constructivism theory, learning activities and tasks or combination of problems, to explore issues to guide and sustain learners' interest and motivation; create the real teaching environment, lets the student bring real mission to study, in this course, students with learning initiative, teachers can guide and inspire, and make students truly grasp the knowledge, and through the task to infer other things from one fact.

( 4) the task-based teaching method is specific to the task as the carrier, the students in order to complete the task of power, knowledge and skills of com., to use the language to do things, at the same time in doing things in the process of development and improve their own language skills. Simply put: for learning, in learning to use, learn the use.

( 5) many of the world famous linguist and expert on the task teaching method under the different definitions. Ellis ( 2003) perceived task refers to the meaning as the center of language activity. J.Willis ( 1996) that the task is the communicative activities or students to achieve a specific goal for communicative activities. Nunsn ( 1989) points out that communicative task is a classroom activity, require students to use the target language to understand, practice, use or communication. In this process, students mainly concentrate on the language sense and language form. We found that both of them have a common characteristic, namely the task is to focus on meaning rather than form of language in authentic communicative language use. Language learning" task" is the goal of communicative activities or students to achieve a goal of communicative activity process, is a kind of" learning by doing" ( learningbydoing ) ( Wilson ) is a kind of language practice.

( 6) the English new curriculum standard explicitly put forward the " advocates task-based teaching approach, to cultivate students' comprehensive language application ability". The task-based language teaching, that is specific to the task as the learning motivation, in order to complete the task to study the process of the process, to demonstrate the achievement of the task ( but not to test scores ) to reflect the teaching achievement.

Task based teaching method in English teaching is the application of communicative teaching method in twentieth Century eighty's new development of communicative teaching method, is a new form of. The teaching take the student as the center, teachers design specific, with clear objectives, activities, let students use the target language through consultation, to discuss, solve a specific problem.

Answer 2

我K，这也太专业了