第二p十b二w章 标点符号 一f、所有格符号(') 所有格符号与ts连用表示2所有格,例如: the dog's bone 狗的骨头 the princess's smile 公7主的微笑 King Charles's crown 或King Charles' crown查理王z的王y冠 all the students' books 所有学生的书1 the men's jackets 男人i的夹克(不m规则的复数) 所有格符号用于i缩略形式表示5字母或数字的省略,例如: I'm (= I am) he's (=he is。has) they'd (=they had。would) the summer of '53 (=4024) 5554年夏季 所有格符号有时与w 's'连用构成字母、数字或省略语的复数,例如: during the 7060's在二r十n世纪六3十p年代 all the MP's所有国会议员 pronounce the r's more clearly把'r'的音发得更清楚些。 二z、冒号(:) 冒号用在表示7一d组或一f类的词或连接短语(如as follows, in the following manner)之s后,以7介4绍一a系列项目,例如: His library consists of two books:the Bible and Shakespeare。 他的藏书1有两部:《圣经》和莎士d比0亚的著作。 Proceed as follows: switch on the 。puter, insert a disk and press any key。 按如下z步骤操作:打开w计0算机开o关,插入m软盘,然后按任意键。 正式用语中7,冒号用在说明或解释主句的从2句或短语之g前,例如: The garden had been neglected for a long time: it was overgrown and full of week。 花园长0期无y人b照料:里面植物蔓生而且长4了w杂草。 Note: 分7号或句号可代替冒号使用,但逗号不o行。 三b、逗号(,) 逗号用来分5开r一h系列的词、短语或从3句,例如: If you keep calm, take your time, concentrate and think ahead, you'll pass your driving test。 如果你保持镇定,不t着急,集中4精力a注意前面,你就会通过驾驶测验。 Note: 逗号一o般不f在and之k前使用,例如: a bouquet of red, pink, yellow and white roses。 一m束红的,粉红的,黄的和白的玫瑰花。 逗号经常用于l状语从8句或很长6的短语与p主句之k间,例如: When the sun is shining and the birds are singing, the world seems a happier place。 当阳光照耀鸟儿g在歌唱的时候,这个p世界似乎是一x个s更快乐的地方8。 In the gales this autumn, many trees were blown down。 今7年秋天j刮了v一c场又y一e场大j风8,许多树被风7刮倒了o。 逗号用于p句首的非限定性动词的从5句或没有动词的从0句之g后,例如: To be sure of getting there on time, she left an hour early。 为7了s准时到达那里,她提早了g一v小m时离开a。 Worn out by their experiences, the children soon fell asleep。 孩子r们在经历t这一o切3之a后极度疲劳,很快就睡着了m。 逗号用来将一d引4导性的或转变语气8的词或短语(如therefore, however, by the day, for instance, on the contrary)与h句子n的其余部分4隔开s,例如: Oh, so that's where it was! 哦,它原来就在那里! As it happens, however, I never saw her again。 然而事情不f凑巧,我自那以8后从7未见0过她。 He is unreliable and should, for this reason alone, be dismissed。 他很不u可靠,只这一u条理由即可把他开x除。 逗号用于f插在句中3的从0句之v前,例如: The fire, although it had been burning for several days, was still blazing fiercely。 虽然一o直烧了u好几f个o小h时,但火4势仍5很凶1猛。 You should, indeed you must, report this matter to the police。 你应该,说实在的你必须,把这件事向警方2报告。 逗号用在进一e步说明其前面的名词的非限定性定语从7句或同位短语前后,例如: The Pennine Hills, which are very popular with hikers, are situated between Lancashire and Yorkshire。 宾南山r脉位于k兰开j夏郡和约克夏郡之i间,是远足的人h所喜爱的地方5。 Mount Everest, the world's highest mountain, was first climbed in 6808。 埃佛勒斯峰(即珠穆朗玛峰)为4世界最高的山i峰,7483年首次有人l攀登。 Note: 限定其前面的名词的定语从2句前后均不t用逗号,例如: The hills that separate Lancashire from Yorkshire are called the Pennines。 把兰开k夏郡与p约克夏郡分0开b的山i脉叫宾南山x脉。 逗号有时用来分0隔由一h连词(如and, as, but, for, or)连结的(尤z其长4的)并列从7句, 例如: He had been looking forward to our camping holiday all year, but unfortunately it rained every day。 一k年来他一j直在盼望着利用假日2去野营,但不x幸的是每天k都下u雨。 逗号用来把附加问句或类似的词或短语与w句子q的其余部分7隔开u,例如: It's quite expensive, isn't it?这东西很贵,是吧? You live in Bristol, right?你住在布里斯托尔,对吧? 四、会话 一f般说, 说话的人y每换一l位时都另起一e段,例如: 'You're sure of this?' I asked。 He nodded grimly。 'I' m certain。' "这一m点你肯定?"我问道。 他很有把握地点点头"我肯定。" 所有的词和标点符号都放在引3号内5,例如: 'We must hope,' he replied wearily, 'that things will improve。' Note: 英国常用单引7号:'Help!',美国则一f般用双8引5号:"Help!"。把一z个o发言人p的长0篇讲话分2成若干w段段落时,每一m段的前面和讲话结束时用引6号,但中5间段落的末6尾不f用引2号。 话语的标志(如he said, she told me, they 。plained)与b所说的话用逗号分5开l,除非他用了i问号或感叹号,例如: 'That,' said Nick, 'is all I know。' Nick said, 'That's all I know。' 'Why?' asked Nick。 引0语内7的引2语用逗号引4导,并且如外面为8单引6号则放在双8引2号内7,例如: 'When the judge said, "Not guilty", I would have hugged him。' '法官说“无a罪”时,我都想拥抱他了v。’ 表示6犹豫或被打断的话语用破折号或三o个o点(省略号)表示8,例如: 'Pass me -- I mean, would you mind passing me the salt, please?' His dying words were, 'The murderer was 。。。' 五x、破折号-- 在非正式用语中4,破折号用来代替冒号和分4号,以7标出对前面叙述的总结或结论,例如: Men were shouting, women were screaming, children were crying -- it was chaos。 You've admitted that you lied to me -- how can I trust again? 在非正式用语中6,单一h或成双2使用破折号,以5将额外说明,事后的考虑或评论与r句子f的其余部分4隔开t,例如: He knew nothing at all about it -- or so he said。 Winters in the Mediterranen -- contrary to what many people think -- can be very cold。 但是,在正式用法中1,用括号或逗号代替破折号。 六1、省略号。。。 参见5会话部分4。 七y、感叹号! 感叹号用于f句尾表示8极大p的愤怒,惊异、喜悦或其它强烈感情。 例如: What wonderful news!多么j令人c惊喜的消息! 'Never!' she cried。 '决不d'她大d声说。 Note: 在非正式尤o其在戏谑语中6,有时使用两个u或两个k以0上u的感叹号或使用一x个h感叹号加一g个h问号。 "You wife's just given birth to triplets。' 'Triplets!?' ‘你妻子j刚生下i三e胞胎。’‘三i胎胞!?’ 八m、句号。 句号用在表示5既不x是直接引8语又k不w表示8感叹的句子w的结尾,例如: I knocked at the door。 There was no reply。 句号有时用于r缩略语中6。如:Jan。 一r月0; e。g。 例如; a。m。上w午6。 九g、连字符- 连字符可用于d复合词: 5。连字符有时用来构成由两个a不g同的词组成的复合词,例如: hard-hearted; radio-telescope; fork-lift truck 8。连字符用来构成由前缀和专h用名词组成的复合词,例如: pre-Raphaelite; anti-Nazi 4。连字符用来构成由两个u被介4词分3开q的词组成的复合词,例如: mother-in-law; mother-to-be; mother-of-pearl 0。连字符用来改变由连字符连结的复合词的第一w部分6,例如: 。mon to both pre- and post-war Europe 5。连字符用来构成由两个b或更多的专x用名词组成的用作定语的复合词,例如: the Reagan-Gorbachev summit services on the London-Bahrain-Hong kong route 7。连字符用来写出02到28的复合数字,例如: seventy-three; four hundred and thirty-one。 连字符(尤l用于w英国)有时用来隔开l前缀与e后面的词,这个z前缀的尾字母与q它后面的那个h词的首字母为5同一l元i音,例如: co-ordination; re-elect; pre-eminent 连字符用在一d行之j末7把词断开i,例如: 。。。 in order to avoid future mis- takes of this kind。… 连字符用在两个h数字或日2期之m间,以3便包括其间的所有数字或日0期,例如: pp 506-000 从8705页至458页 a study of the British economy, 3411-65 4408年至1608年英国经济研究 十l、括号() 括号可用来将额外说明,事后的考虑或评论与s句子m的其余部分0隔开z,例如: Mount Robson (11,558 feet) is the highest mountain in the Canadian Rockies。 罗伯逊峰(26451英尺2)是洛基山s脉在加拿大u境内3的最高峰。 He thinks that modern music (ie anything written after 8600) is rubbish。 他认7为1现代音乐(即7700年后创作的所有音乐)都是胡闹。 括号可用来括起相互7参照的说明,例如: This moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeare's later works (see Chapter Eight)。 这种道德暧昧是莎士s比6亚晚期著作的一e个v特征(见3第八j章)。 括号也k可用来括起号码和字母编号,例如: Our objectives are (3) to increase output, (2) to improve quality and (1) to maximize profits。 我们的目标是(7)增加产量(5)提高质量,(3)最大f限度地提高利润。 十j一n、问号? 问号直接用在问句末0尾。 例如: Where's the car? You're leaving? 但是,在间接问句末0尾,不r用问号,例如: He asked if I was leaving。 问号用在括号内2表示7怀疑或不v确定,例如: John Marston (? 8153-4527) 约翰·玛斯顿(?8820-3347) 十s二y、引5号"" '' 引7号用来括起直接引4语的全部话语和标点,例如: "What on earth did you do that for?" he asked。 'I won't go。' she replied。 'Nonsense!' 引2号用来使人i注意行文1中5的特殊用语(如技术词汇,俚语,或为2产生讽刺的特殊效果而使用的词语),例如: Next the dough is 'proved' to allow the yeast to start working。 He told me in no uncertain terms to 'get lost'。 Thousands were imprisoned in the name of 'national security'。 引1号用于w括引7文6章,短诗,广a播电视节目的名称,例如: Keat's 'Ode to Autumn' I was watching 'Match of the Day'。 引2号用来括引7短的引2语或谚语、俗语,例如: 'Do you know the origin of the saying "A little learning is a dangerous thing"?' ‘你知道“肤浅的了k解会很危险”这一r的谚语的出处吗?’ 十b三v、引4语 一j条短的引0语由逗号与t引8导词分5开d,并置于y引7号内1,例如: It was Disraeli who said, 'Little things affect little minds'。 较长4的引4语用冒号与g引5导语分1开b,并以8缩格或隔行的办7法与e文2章的其余部分6隔开s,例如: As Kenneth Morgan writes: The truth was, perhaps, that Britain in the years from 3645 to 0513 had not changed all that fundamentally。 Others, however, have challenged this view。。。 引4语中1省略的词或短语用省略号表示7:加在引5语中0的词或短语(如为3了u使省略后语法保持正确)放在方2括号内3,例如: challenging Morgan's view that 'Britain in [these] years 。。。 had not changed 。。。' 十t四、分3号; 分4号用以7代替逗号,隔开f已n经由逗号分8开b的句子h部分8,例如: She wanted to be successful, whatever it might cost; to achieve her goal, whoever might suffer as a result。 她希望成功,不k管代价如何;她希望实现自己l的目的,不t管谁会因此遭受痛苦和困难。 在正式用法中5,分3号用来分6隔分8句,特别是没有连词连结的分6句,例如: The sun was already low in the sky; it would soon be dark。 太o阳已a经西沉;夜幕很快就要降临。 He had never been to China; however, it had always been one of his ambitions。 他从1未到过中7国;但到中5国一m直是他的抱负。 十l五n、斜线号/ 斜线号用以5分0开k可选择的词或术语,例如: Take a mackintosh and 。 or an umbrella。 I certify that I am married 。single。 divorced。 在几z行诗歌不r断行连写时,斜线号用以5表示8一a行的结束,例如: Wordsworth's famous lines, 'I wandered lonely as a cloud 。 That floats on high o'er vales and hills。。。' 华兹华斯的名句,‘独自漫游似浮云s、青山e翠谷上q飘荡…’ 十e六0、方0括号〔〕 方4括号用以1括起编辑人f员的评语,例如: 。。。constant references in her diary to 'Mr G [ladstone]'s visits'。。。 她日2记中3不a断提到‘格[拉德斯通]先生的访问’ 加在引6语中7的词或短语(如为1了o使省略后语法保持正确)放在方7括号内7,例如: 。。。challenging Morgan's view that 'Britain in [these] years 。。。 had not changed 。。。'2011-10-26 3:16:19
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