Robotic Bodies
Regardless of how the base of the robot is built, it is
important that the upper body be built well. Many robots
have functioning arms that are capable of performing tasks
such as picking objects up and disarmimg a bomb. Both the
arms and legs of robots move by implementing a method
called robot kinematics. As any one robotic arm or leg
moves, other components of that arm or leg will move with
it. For example, in a human body, if a shoulder is rotated, its
crresponding wrist and hands will also move. The
fundamental task of a robotics engineer is to make it
possible for robots to move in a coordinated fashion [5]. If a
robot does not move in such a manner, it will not be able to
function well. There are two major types of movement that
robots undergo, forward and reverse kinematics. Reverse
Kintematics equations are easily solved by using of a series
of six-by-six or four-by-four matrix transformations.
Reverse kinematics can easily be seen in every day life
through the movement of human arms and legs [3]. The
reverse kinematics problem is easily described in 3D space.
Robots are built of individual components separated by a
series of kinematic pairs, located at joints and axels and
experiences a certain amount of allowable independent
movements [6]. Depending on the types of pairs present, and
the number of degrees of freedom, the robot will have either
a low or high range of mobility.
Robotic Movement
The other type of kinematic problem which arises in robotics
and must be solved by engineers is that of the forward
kinematic problem, described by experts as the “Mount
Everest of kinematic problems” [3]. While it may be an
extremely difficult problem to solve, it is rather simple to
explain. If a robot moves its hand to pick up an item, the
robot’s shoulder and elbow move as well. While a human
does not need to think about what the shoulder does while
reaching for an object, the engineers must program the robot
to do so. If they fail to program it correctly, the robot will be
incapable of moving its arms in the proper manner.
All forms of robotic movement are represented by a
translation and a rotation along a single axis. This form of
movement is known as screw displacement or twist [7].
This form of motion can be thought of as a rotation about a
fixed point and it is experienced in both robots and humans
at all joints. This type of motion around a robot’s shoulders
and elbows helps it to move its arm in every direction,
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