求信息管理方面的一篇文章，英文原文，中文翻译

Question

要有关信息管理方面的一篇文章，英文原文，中文翻译。中文最少要三千字。

Answer 1

一、什么是知识管理和企业管理

要弄清以上问题,首先,我们要从弄清什么是知识管理和企业信息管理入手。美国生产和质量委员会（APQC）对知识管理定义如下：知识管理是组织有意识采取的一种战略,它保证能够在最需要的时间将最需要的知识传送给最需要的人,这样可以帮助人们共享信息,并进而将其通过不同的方式付诸实践,最终达到提高组织业绩的目的。企业知识管理是以信息为基础的活动,通过组织性学习创造隐性和显性知识,并负责如何在适当的时间、适当的地方拥有适当的知识。微软总裁比尔盖茨认为：知识管理并不是从技术开始的,它始于商业目标、过程和对共享信息需要的认识。知识管理只不过是管理信息流,把正确的信息传送给需要它的人,以便让他们迅速地以信息为依据采取行动。

中外学者普遍认为,信息是企业发展的一个非常重要的资源,信息作为资源,除了一般的可利用、有价值等特性外,还具备共享性、历史积累性、时效性和多次再生性的特性。而系统则是由若干相互联系、相互制约的独立成分组成的一个有机整体,如管理人员、生产工人、工艺、技术、管理、方法和组织机构、生产设备等,为了一个共同的目标即获取利润生产出社会需要的产品,而组成的一个生产企业就是一个系统。那么,要系统地利用信息这个资源,企业建立信息管理系统是一个非常重要的前提。

企业信息管理系统（EIMS）就是运用现代化的管理思想和方法,采用电子计算机、软件及网络通讯技术,对企业管理决策过程中的信息进行收集、存储、加工、分析,以辅助企业日常的业务处理直到决策方案的制定和优选等工作,以及跟踪、监督、控制、调节整个管理过程的人机系统。

从目前已经大量应用的各种企业信息管理系统来看,普遍具有以下特性：

1.除了通用的管理软件和MRP（物料资源计划）、OA（办公自动化）、WFS（工作流系统）外,大多软件都需要做大量的需求分析,咨询顾问（多数都是行业内的专家）和企业各级员工在认真总结以往经验和企业发展要求的基础上,根据企业实际量身定做或在标准版本的基础上根据企业实际做大量的修改,所以具有行业专家特性及实际应用特性。

2.多数系统是从企业战略的角度出发,在全局和总体考虑的前提下设计企业的信息管理系统,是从企业的人员机构管理、产品管理、系统权限管理、销售管理、采购管理、生产管理、质量管理等系统的角度,考虑战略的实现性和信息之间的关联性、制约性的,具有系统性和整体性。

3.具有历史知识的积累性和共享性。企业的信息管理系统能够将各部门和各员工的日常工作的关键数据,存储在数据库中,并能根据权限方便查阅和调用。

4.具有决策的支持性。所有的各种数据可以经过计算机的处理从不同的角度得到各种分析结果,并通过报警提醒的方式,使决策者在第一时间得到相关信息。

5.动态特性。由于信息的时效性和关联性,当系统中某一信息要素发生变化时,与之相关联的其他信息均发生变化。同时,由于企业的外部环境和内部要素均在动态发生变化,系统也要求能够适应这种变化。

二、企业信息管理系统的作用

从以上对于知识管理和企业信息管理系统的概念及特性等可以看出,企业信息管理系统对于企业知识管理水平的提高具有很大的支持和保障作用,具体表现在：

1.发布知识,确保组织内的每个成员都能共享。在没有计算机、软件和网络通讯技术的前提下,企业发布知识的手段通常采用开会、发文件及书籍等手段,除了发布成本高而外,知识的传播速度、传播量、更新、查阅及查阅权限等等受到极大的制约。而企业信息管理系统则有效地解决了这些问题,使知识信息交易成本大大降低,交易质量和效率大大提高,有力地发挥了知识在企业中的生产力作用。

2.确保知识获得的及时性。信息管理系统解决了跨地区、跨时间、跨单位、跨部门、跨员工之间的查阅障碍,只要是在有权限的前提下,知识需求者可以迅速通过系统找到自己需要的各种知识。例如目前的企业信息门户（EIP-EnterpriseInformationPortal）可以解决企业之间的信息及知识交流问题,另外企业信息系统可以与相关的网络连接,并自动按照组织内部成员对信息的需求进行筛选、分类和收集,并按照成员对信息的需求及时传送给需要的人,以解决知识时效性的问题。

3.提升组织或个人的隐性知识为显性知识,并保证两者之间的有效转换。在企业没有信息系统之前,员工的知识和经验仅存在自己的脑子里,部门的知识也在这个部门里,信息呈现孤岛状态。遗忘、人员流失和成员之间交流不畅导致企业的知识大多是隐性知识,而不能转变为显性知识,组织的知识难以积累。组织随着人员的流动、时间的推移不断地交学费,企业不能形成经验曲线,生产效率和竞争力也就难以提高。信息管理系统使个人知识得以沉淀,成员之间的知识得到共享和交融,企业对员工的过分依赖性降低,从而避免企业因某些关键岗位人员流失出现不可收拾的局面。

三、如何做好企业的知识管理

首先,我们要抓好企业的信息管理。知识管理着重于显性知识和隐性知识的相互转化,因为企业只有把国内外和自己企业积累的知识和经验即显性知识,通过归类、整理、提炼迅速传递给需要它的员工,即转化为员工个人的知识———隐性知识,并运用到每项工作中去,才能对企业目标发生作用。信息管理主要集中在对已有的如书面化的、电子信息等显性知识的管理,在信息增值链上,要将数据提升为信息,并对其进行采集与选择、组织与程序、压缩与提炼、归类与导航等,对信息外部特征的加工和组织。在信息管理基础上,在根据企业和员工需求,对信息内容进行提炼、比较、挖掘、分析、概括、判断和推论等进行知识管理。

其次,要建立知识共享系统。知识管理是以共享和创新为主要目的,重点解决信息超载而知识匮乏的问题,重视人与人产生知识过程的管理。知识如果不拿出来与他人共享,将导致：（1）核心信息掌握在具体实施人员中,管理失控。（2）企业人员外流导致知识资产流失,大量核心技术被带走。（3）知识孤岛造成协调困难,效率下降。所以,在企业信息系统建设中,要坚持以获取企业内部和外部知识资源为核心；以产品的生产流程为核心；以个人知识与团队知识的相互交流和转化为核心；以正式交流与非正式交流的相互接轨为核心；以解决实际问题为核心；以价值链的不断增值为核心和以技能培训为核心。

最后,把信息化建设作为知识管理的平台。传统的金字塔式组织结构和人际交流模式在很大程度上不适合现代社会对知识的快速组织、整合和共享需要,计算机网络则为知识的获取、组织和共享创造了一个全新的平台。企业在网络平台下,形成一种柔性的与变化的组织和扁平化的信息传递渠道。从知识管理的角度,建立信息管理系统,使人与知识资源有机结合,它将人、知识与现实工作任务整合起来,必将为企业管理带来实效。

First, anything is the knowledge management and business management must clarify the above question, first, we must from clarify anything are the knowledge management and the enterprise information management obtain. The US produces and the quality committee (APQC) is as follows to the knowledge management definition: The knowledge management is one kind of strategy which the organization adopts consciously, it guaranteed that the knowledge which can in most need the time which will need most to transmit for the human who most needs, like this may help the people to share the information, and then puts to it through the different way to practice, achieves the enhancement organization achievement finally the goal. The enterprise knowledge management is take the information as the foundation activity, through the organized study creation recessiveness and the dominant knowledge, how and is responsible in the suitable time, the suitable place to have the suitable knowledge. Microsoft president Bill Gates thought: The knowledge management is not starts from the technology, it begins in the commercial goal, the process and to shares the understanding which the information needs. The knowledge management just manages the information flow, for needs it the correct information transmission the person, with the aim of letting them take the action rapidly take the information as the basis. the Chinese and foreign scholar generally believe that the information is enterprise development very important resources, the information takes the resources, besides general may value characteristics and so on use, have, but also has sharing, the historical accumulation, the effectiveness and the multiple reproducibility characteristic. An organic whole which mutually but the system is by certain mutual connections, restricts the independent component which composes, like administrative personnels, production worker, craft, technology, management, method and organizations and agencies, production equipment and so on, for a common goal is the gain profit produces the social need the product, but composes a Production enterprise is a system. Then, must use information this resources, the enterprise message creation management system management system is a very important premise systematically. the enterprise information management system (EIMS) is utilizes modernized the management concept and the method, uses the electronic accounting machine, the software and the network mechanics of communication, carries on the collection, the memory, the processing, the analysis to the business management decision-making process's information, by is auxiliary the enterprise daily handling of traffic until the decision scheme formulation and optimal and so on work, as well as track, surveillance, control, adjustment entire management process man-machine system. looking from already were at present massive the application each kind of enterprise information management system, has the following characteristic generally: 1. besides the general management software and MRP (material resources plan), OA (office automation), WFS (work class system), mostly the software needs to make the massive demand analysis, consulted consultant (most is in profession expert) and enterprise all levels of staffs is summarizing earnestly formerly experienced and in the enterprise development request foundation, made the massive revisions actually according to the enterprise actual quantity body custom make or in the standard edition's foundation according to the enterprise, therefore had the profession expert characteristic and the practical application characteristic. the 2. most systems are from enterprise strategy angle embarking, in the overall situation and the overall considered under the premise designs enterprise's information management system, is from system's and so on enterprise's personnel organization management, product management, system jurisdiction management, sales management, procurement management, production management, quality control angles, considered that strategic between possibility and information relatedness, conditionality, has the systematic characteristic and the integrity. 3. has the historical knowledge accumulation and sharing. Enterprise's information management system can various departments and the various staffs' routine work essential data, saves in the database, and can act according to the jurisdiction convenience consult and the transfer. 4. has the policy-making support. All each kind of data may obtain each kind of analysis result after computer's processing from the different angle, and through the warning reminder's way, enables the policy-maker to obtain the related information in the first time. 5. dynamic characteristic. As a result of information effectiveness and relatedness, when in the system some essential element of information changes, is connected other information with it to change. At the same time, because enterprise's external environment and the internal essential factor in dynamic changes, the system also requests to be able to adapt this kind of change. two, enterprise information management system's function and characteristic and so on may see from above regarding the knowledge management and the enterprise information management system's concept, the enterprise information management system has the very big support and the safeguard function regarding the enterprise knowledge management level's enhancement, concrete manifestation in: the 1. issue knowledge, guaranteed that in organization's each members can share. In does not have the computer, the software and under the network mechanics of communication premise, the enterprise issued that the knowledge the method usually uses document and books methods and so on holds a meeting, to issue, except issue cost Gao Erwai, the knowledge propagation velocity, the dissemination quantity, the renewal, the consult and the consult jurisdiction and so on receives the enormous restriction. But the enterprise information management system effectively has solved these problems, causes the knowledge information transaction cost to reduce greatly, the transaction quality and the efficiency enhance greatly, has displayed the knowledge powerfully in enterprise's production action of force. 2. guaranteed the knowledge obtains timeliness. The information management system has solved between trans-regional, the cross time, the cross unit, trans-departmental, the cross staff's consult barrier, so long as in has under the jurisdiction premise, the knowledge demand might find oneself need rapidly through the system each kind of knowledge. For example the present enterprise information gateway (EIP-EnterpriseInformationPortal) may solve between enterprise's information and the knowledge exchange question, moreover the enterprise information system may with the related network connections, and according to organizes the internal member to carry on automatically to the information demand screens, the classification and the collection, and defers to the member to transmit promptly to the information demand for the human who needs, solves the knowledge time-limited problem. 3. promotes the organization or individual recessive knowledge is the dominant knowledge, and guarantees between both's active transition. Before the enterprise does not have the information system, staff's knowledge and the experience only have in own brain, department's knowledge also in this department, the information presents the isolated island condition. Between forgetting, the personnel outflow and the member exchange cause enterprise's knowledge mostly are the recessive knowledge impeded, but cannot transform into the dominant knowledge, organization's knowledge accumulates with difficulty. The organization along with personnel's flowing, the time passage pays tuition unceasingly, the enterprise cannot form the empirical curve, the production efficiency and the competitive power also with difficulty enhances. The information management system enables individual knowledge to precipitate, between member's knowledge obtains shares and blends, the enterprise reduces to staff's excessive dependence, because thus avoids the enterprise certain essential post personnel draining has the beyond redemption aspect. do three, how complete enterprise's knowledge management first, we must pay special attention to enterprise's information management. Knowledge management emphatically in dominant knowledge and recessive knowledge mutual transformation, because the enterprise only then accumulates domestic and foreign and the enterprise the knowledge and the experience are the dominant knowledge, through the classification, the reorganization, the refinement transmits rapidly for needs it the staff, namely transforms as the staff individual knowledge - - - recessive knowledge, and using each work, can the business goal react. The information management mainly concentrates to existing like written, the electronic information codominance knowledge's management, on the information increment chain, must the data promotion be an information, and carries on gathering and the choice, the organization and the procedure, the compression and the refinement, the classification and the guidance to it and so on, to information exterior characteristic processing and organization. In the information management foundation, in the basis enterprise and the staff demand, carries on the refinement, the comparison, the excavation, the analysis, the summary, the judgment and the deduction to the information content and so on carries on the knowledge management. next, must establish the knowledge sharing system. The knowledge management is take shares and the innovation as the main purpose, but the key solution information overload the knowledge deficient question, takes the human and the human has the knowledge process management. If the knowledge does not take with other people sharing, will cause: (1) the core information grasps is implementing in specifically the personnel, the management loses control. (2) the enterprise personnel flow out cause the knowledge property outflow, the massive core technologies is carried off. (3) the knowledge isolated island causes the coordinated difficulty, the efficiency drops. Therefore, in the enterprise information system construction, must insist that take gains the enterprise interior and the exterior knowledge resources as a core; Take the product production process as a core; And transforms take individual knowledge and the team knowledge's mutual exchange as the core; Take the official exchange and the unofficial exchange's mutual trail connection as a core; Take solves the actual problem as a core; Unceasingly rises in value take the value chain as the core and take skill training as a core. is final, takes the knowledge management the informationization construction the platform. The traditional Pyramid type organizational structure and the interpersonal exchange pattern did not suit the modern society to a great extent to the knowledge fast organization, the conformity and the sharing need, the computer network for the knowledge gain, the organization and sharing have created a brand-new platform. The enterprise under the network platform, forms one kind flexible and the change organization and the flattening information transmission channel. From knowledge management's angle, the message creation management system management system, causes the human and the knowledge resources organic synthesis, it the person, the knowledge and the reality work mission conformity gets up, will certainly to bring the actual effect for the business management

Answer 2

Introduction to Information Management
Information Management

In 2000, the Institute of Medicine in collaboration with the National Academy of Science published a report titled: “To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System”. The authors estimated that 98,000 people die annually as a direct result of medical errors occurring in hospitals. These deaths are not associated with the day-to-day risk of surgery and medical practice in outpatient clinics. Instead, a significant portion of the mortality is a direct result of poor design and utilization of medical records. Medical Records Kill. To put this number of deaths in perspective, more people die annually because of medical errors then as a consequence of car accidents, breast cancer, or AIDS. Other examples include:

*
One in 25 hospital admissions results in an injured patient.
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Three percent of adverse effects cause permanent disabling injury; of these one in seven leads to a
patient death.
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Preventable medical errors account for 12-15 percent of hospital costs.
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About 23,000 hospital patients die each year from injuries linked to medication use.
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80% of nurses calculate dosages incorrectly 10 percent of the time, and 40 percent of nurses
make mistakes more than 30 percent of the time.
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Approximately 180,000 unnecessary deaths and 1.3 million injuries occur from medical treatment in
the United States.

Nearly all of these events are due to errors in data management or interpretation.

Most of this information is contained in a book titled, To Err is Human: building a safer health system. 2000. Edited by Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. National Academy Press Washington DC. A recent whitepaper refers extensively to the same ongoing problem.
Building a better system

Information is a broad term and includes all sources of facts and opinions that we use to make decisions (printed, heard, or seen). We are in the midst of a continuous stream of information and are being asked to assimilate and organize these data at a faster and faster rate. This challenge is even more severe to the professional fact finder. As scientists and public, production, and wildlife health practitioners you are active discoverers of facts and ultimately a source of information for the world. In those roles, you must organize resource information and original data so that it is correctly analyzed, and interpreted to be delivered to your eager and demanding consumers.

The health industry (of which we are card carrying members) has grappled with the issue of data integrity for decades and the discipline of Information Management has grown to deal with it . There are professional schools training people to work as specialists in this industry (see our main page). A professional organization, the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA www.ahima.org ) is devoted to the challenges of collecting information in hospital settings. The United States Animal Health Association and American Association of Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories have a joint committee devoted to Animal Health Information Systems. The United States Department of Agriculture has The Center for Economics and Animal Health and the National Animal Health Monitoring System completely devoted to the methodologies of collecting, organizing and analyzing animal health data. As this course progresses and as you proceed through the MPVM curriculum, you will take the lessons learned from these groups and their experience and apply them to smaller scale work. Please note that I have focused on monitoring efforts and not at all on research. From an epidemiologic perspective, these efforts are related but they are not identical and there are specifics to research that need to be addressed in a different manner than from monitoring efforts.

The Skills of Information Management

A survey of professionals (both employees and employers) identified 20 skills that were the most important for Information Management specialists. While some of the skills were important technology and computer skills many of them were skills directly related to understanding data. These skills included: defining data elements, understanding how the database or application will meet the needs of the end user, being able to integrate analysis into a database, perform data retrieval, ability to create and use if/then statements, ability to manage data quality, ability to create calculations within a data query, ability to communicate effectively, ability to listen and understand client requests, and an ability to create conceptual models.
Data Quality Management Model

Information or data is a fragile commodity and all steps in the data process need to be carefully mamaged. and the process AHIMA recently published a model for Data Quality Management (www.ahima.org/journal/pb/98.06.html). It is a simple model that will serve as our guide for the class.
Details of the Model

The steps of data quality are APPLICATION, COLLECTION, WAREHOUSING, AND ANALYSIS.

Although we often focus our efforts on the analysis and the subsequent reports it is absolutely, unequivocally essential that significant energy be devoted to obtaining and maintaining good quality data that will be used in analysis. Everyone has heard ‘garbage in – garbage out’. Translated, if the data going into the analysis is bad then the information resulting from the analysis -- no matter how sophisticated and no matter how clever -- will be wrong. This problem is the classic epidemiologic and statistical issue of "Bias".

Application--This defines the reason, approach, and the methods for collecting the data

Collection--This is the process of data collection

Warehousing--How the collected data will be stored and accessed

Analysis--Organizing, summarizing, and reporting the data

The Characteristics of High Quality Data

Accessibility—The data are available and useable.

Consistency—Over the time the data are collected and stored, the data were collected in the same manner. In practice this means that the definitions, formats, and storage media were the same or compatible.

Currency—The data has value to the target audience

Granularity—The dimensions or specificity of the data--crude to fine; an example is the difference between a weight category (crude) and the actual weight (fine)

Precision—The data are collected with the same measuring tool (biased or not) resulting in low variation data.

Accuracy—The data are collected with few biases and are a representation of the true state you are measuring.

Comprehensiveness—The data contain sufficient detail to answer the monitoring or research question.

Definition—The meaning and intent of the data are clearly defined

Relevancy—The data pertain directly to the question.

Timeliness—The data are temporally related to the question.

Application

You will hear the following many times in the course of the MPVM year, but understanding and clearly defining the data application is the key to successfully utilizing the information you collect. Application design is the process of carefully defining: 1) the purpose of the research or monitoring effort and 2) the specific monitoring or research question to be answered. Application design is often an iterative process that includes the following:.

1. Based on an observation or belief, pose a question that can be answered.

Examples include:

Antibiotic resistance in the human population is a direct consequence of the use of antibiotics in animal feeds

Increased levels of estrogen in the environment decrease the fertility of free-roaming ungulates

Removing horses from watersheds can decrease Cryptosporidial infections in people

The primary source of salmonellosis in humans is from meat and poultry

The incidence of catastrophic diseases observed in poultry has increased steadily in the last year

The incidence of debilitating heart conditions in household cats has diminished in the last 5-years

2. Investigate the problem/question by doing a literature and grant search. This will entail library work, web searches,or contacting colleagues or experts in the field.

3. Read the literature and summarize the information and test your question against published information

4. Restate the question or need to more specifically target the data application.

5. Choose an approach to answer the question

6. Define the specific data sets that will be needed to answer the question

While the basic steps of the process are clear cut, there are many ways to achieve the outcome. In many cases, the process is individual and may require little interaction with others. More frequently the process requires that you work within or part of a group. When this occurs, the success of your project lies not only with the quality of the idea but also with your ability to understand group dynamics and the processes of groups.

Carefully dealing with these first steps will define the nature of the other three steps in the data quality model and ensure that the correct data are collected and brought to bear on the question.