9) Science: The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. Their measurements were extremely precise. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately 2.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age.
10) Unique Harappans’ inventions include an instrument which was used to measure whole sections of the horizon. In addition, the Harappans evolved new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead and tin. The engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable, especially in building docks after careful study of tides, waves and currents.
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh, Pakistan , made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, from the early Harappan period, had knowledge of proto-dentistry.
11) Cultural: Many crafts such as shell working, ceramics, and agate bead making were used in the creation of necklaces, bangles, and other ornaments. Some of these crafts are still practiced in the subcontinent today. Some make-up and toiletry items that were found in Harappa have similar counterparts in modern India. Terracotta female figurines were found (C. 2800-2600 B.C.E.) which had red color applied to the “manga” (line of partition of the hair), a tradition which is still seen in India.
12) In view of the large number of figurines found in the Indus valley, it has been suggested that the Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess symbolizing fertility. However, this interpretation is not unanimously accepted. Some Indus valley seals show swastikas which are found in later religions.
13) Trade: The Indus civilization’s economy appears to have depended significantly on trade, which developed due to major advances in transport technology. The goods were transported by bullock cart identical to those seen throughout South Asia today, and by boat. Most of these boats were probably small, flat-bottomed craft, perhaps powered by sail, similar to those one can see on the Indus River today.