æ¬åå
ç¥è¯ç¹è¾å¤ï¼ä½å¾æè§å¾ï¼äºå举ä¸åä¸ã
ä¸ãåç¡®ææ¡é
¸ã碱ãççæ¦å¿µï¼æç¡®å®ä»¬çæ¬è´¨åºå«
1ï¼é
¸åé
¸çéæ§
对äºé
¸çå®ä¹ï¼æ们说çµç¦»æ¶çæçé³ç¦»åå
¨é¨é½æ¯H+ãè¿éæ们è¦ç¹å«æ³¨æçæ¯âé³ç¦»åâãâå
¨é¨âãâH+âå 个å
³é®åãä¸é¢æ们以常è§çç¡«é
¸åçé
¸ä¸ºä¾æ¥è¯´æé
¸çéæ§ã
é
¸çéæ§ çé
¸ã ç¡« é
¸
é
¸ä½¿ç´«è²ç³èè¯æ¶²å红ï¼ä½¿æ è²é
é
è¯æ¶²ä¸åè²ã çé
¸ä½¿ç´«è²ç³èè¯æ¶²å红ï¼
æ è²é
é
è¯æ¶²ä¸åè² ç¡«é
¸ä½¿ç´«è²ç³èè¯æ¶²å红ï¼
æ è²é
é
è¯æ¶²ä¸åè²ã
éå±+é
¸âç+æ°¢æ° Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2â Zn+ H2SO4 =ZnSO4+H2â
碱æ§æ°§åç©+é
¸âç+æ°´ Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O Fe2O3+3H2SO4=Fe2(SO4)3+3H2O
碱+é
¸âç+æ°´ NaOH+HCl=NaCl+ H2O Cu(OH)2+H2SO4= CuSO4+2H2O
ç+é
¸âå¦ä¸ç§ç+å¦ä¸ç§é
¸ AgNO3+HCl=AgClâ+HNO3 BaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4â +2HCl
注æï¼
ï¼1ï¼å¨âéå±+é
¸âç+æ°¢æ°âä¸ï¼é
¸é常æçæ¯ç¨ç¡«é
¸åç¨çé
¸ï¼ä¸è½æ¯æµç¡«é
¸æç¡é
¸ãå 为æµç¡«é
¸æç¡é
¸é½æ强氧åæ§ï¼ä¸éå±ååºæ¶ä¸è½çææ°¢æ°èçæäºæ°´ï¼éå±æ¯æå¨éå±æ´»å¨é¡ºåºè¡¨ä¸æå¨âæ°¢âåé¢ç活泼éå±ï¼æå¨âæ°¢âåçéå±ä¸è½ç½®æ¢é
¸ä¸çæ°¢ã
ï¼2ï¼éè¿éå±è·é
¸çååºæ
åµå¯¼åºéå±æ´»å¨é¡ºåºè¡¨ï¼
K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb (H) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
éå±æ´»å¨æ§ç±å¼ºéæ¸åå¼±
éå±æ´»å¨æ§é¡ºåºä¸ï¼éå±ä½ç½®è¶é åï¼æ´»å¨æ§è¶å¼ºï¼ååºè¶å§çï¼æéæ¶é´è¶çã
ï¼3ï¼æµç¡«é
¸å
·æå¸æ°´æ§ï¼é常ç¨å®ä½ä¸ºå¹²ç¥åãç¡«é
¸è¿å
·æè±æ°´æ§ï¼å®å¯¹ç®è¤æè¡£ææå¾å¼ºçè
èæ§ãç¨éæµç¡«é
¸æ¶ä¸å®è¦ææµç¡«é
¸æ²¿çå¨å£æ
¢æ
¢å°æ³¨å
¥æ°´éï¼å¹¶ä¸ææ
å¨ï¼åä¸å¯ææ°´åè¿æµç¡«é
¸éï¼å¦ææ水注å
¥æµç¡«é
¸éï¼æ°´çå¯åº¦è¾å°ï¼ä¼æµ®å¨ç¡«é
¸ä¸é¢ï¼æº¶è§£æ¶æ¾åºççä¼ä½¿æ°´ç«å»æ²¸è
¾ï¼ä½¿ç¡«é
¸æ¶²ååå¤é£æº
ï¼å®¹æåçäºæ
ã
2ï¼ç¢±å碱çéæ§
ä¸é
¸é·åï¼æ们å¯ä»¥å°ç¢±å®ä¹ä¸ºï¼çµç¦»æ¶çæçé´ç¦»åå
¨é¨æ¯OHï¼ç¦»åãè¿éæ们ä¹è¦ç¹å«æ³¨æçæ¯âé´ç¦»åâãâå
¨é¨âãâOHï¼âå 个å
³é®åãä¸é¢æ们以常è§ç氢氧åé å氢氧åé为ä¾æ¥è¯´æ碱çéæ§ã
常è§ç碱å碱çéæ§
碱çéæ§ æ°¢æ°§åé 氢氧åé
碱使紫è²ç³èè¯æ¶²åèï¼ä½¿æ è²é
é
è¯æ¶²å红ã 氢氧åé 使紫è²ç³èè¯æ¶²åèï¼æ è²é
é
è¯æ¶²å红ã 氢氧åé使紫è²ç³èè¯æ¶²åèï¼æ è²é
é
è¯æ¶²å红ã
é
¸æ§æ°§åç©+碱âç+æ°´ 2NaOH+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O Ca(OH)2+CO2=CaCO3â+H2O
é
¸+碱âç+æ°´ NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O Ca(OH)2+H2SO4= CaSO4+2H2O
ç+碱âå¦ä¸ç§ç+å¦ä¸ç§ç¢± 2NaOH+CuSO4=Na2SO4+Cu(OH)2â Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3=CaCO3â+2NaOH
注æï¼
ï¼1ï¼åªæå¯æº¶æ§ç¢±æè½è·ä¸äºééå±æ°§åç©åçååºï¼è¿äºééå±æ°§åç©æ¯é
¸æ§æ°§åç©ãé
¸æ§æ°§åç©å¤æ°è½æº¶äºæ°´ï¼è·æ°´ååçæé
¸ã
ï¼2ï¼çå碱ååºæ¶ï¼å¿
须两è
é½æ¯å¯æº¶çï¼ä¸çæç©ä¹ä¸æ¯æ²æ·ï¼ååºæè½è¿è¡ã
ï¼3ï¼ä¹¦å碱è·æäºéå±æ°§åç©ååºçåå¦æ¹ç¨å¼
å
³äºè¿ç±»ååºåå¦æ¹ç¨å¼ç书åæ人æå°å¾å°é¾ï¼ä¸ºæ¤ï¼å¯å
ååºééå±æ°§åç©è·æ°´ååºï¼çæå«æ°§é
¸çåå¦æ¹ç¨å¼ï¼å以å«æ°§é
¸å碱ç¸äºäº¤æ¢æåååºçæç©ã两å¼å并æä¸ä¸ªåå¦æ¹ç¨å¼ãå¦ï¼ä¸æ°§åç¡«è·æ°¢æ°§åé ååºï¼
3ï¼çåççæ§è´¨
对äºççæ¦å¿µï¼æ们å¯ä»¥è¿æ ·è®¤ä¸ºï¼å³é
¸ç¢±çµç¦»å离å交æ¢çæäºçåæ°´ãæ¯å¦ï¼æ们æNaClçä½æ¯HClåNaOHçµç¦»åç产ç©ã
常è§ççåççåå¦æ§è´¨
ççæ§è´¨ å®ä¾
ç溶液+éå±âçË+éå±Ë CuSO4+Zn= ZnSO4+Cu
ç+é
¸âçË+ é
¸Ë BaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4â +2HCl
ç溶液+碱溶液âçË+ç¢±Ë 3NaOH+FeCl3=3NaCl+Fe(OH)3 â
ç溶液+ç溶液âçË+çË AgNO3+NaCl=AgClâ+NaNO3
注æï¼
å¨éå±æ´»å¨é¡ºåºè¡¨ä¸ï¼åªææå¨åé¢çéå±æè½ææå¨åé¢çéå±ä»å®ä»¬çç溶液ä¸ç½®æ¢åºæ¥ãä½KãCaãNaä¸ç§éå±ä¸ç溶液çååºç¹æ®ï¼è¿éä¸è¦æ±ã
äºãæç¡®å¤å解ååºåççæ¬è´¨ï¼ææ¡é
¸ç¢±çååºçè§å¾
1ï¼å¤å解ååºåå
¶åççæ¡ä»¶
å¤å解ååºçå®ä¹æ¯ï¼ç±ä¸¤ç§ååç©ç¸äºäº¤æ¢æåï¼çæå¦å¤ä¸¤ç§ååç©çååºã
éå¼ï¼AB+CD=AD+CB
åççæ¡ä»¶ï¼ä¸¤ç§ç©è´¨å¨æº¶æ¶²ä¸ç¸äºäº¤æ¢ç¦»åï¼çæç©ä¸å¦æææ²æ·æåºãæ°ä½æ¾åºæææ°´çæï¼å¤å解ååºåå¯ä»¥åçã
2ï¼è¿ç¨å¤å解ååºåççæ¡ä»¶ï¼æ£ç¡®ä¹¦åæ¬ç« æ¶åçåå¦æ¹ç¨å¼
æå¾å¤åå¦è®°ä½äºé
¸ã碱éæ§åççæ§è´¨ï¼ä½æ¥è§¦å°å
·ä½ç©è´¨åççå
·ä½ååºï¼ç¨åå¦æ¹ç¨å¼æ¥è¡¨è¾¾æ¶ï¼ä¾¿æå°å°é¾ã解å³è¿ä¸é¾ç¹çåæ³æäºï¼ä¸æ¯å¨å¦ä¹ é
¸çéæ§å碱çéæ§æ¶ï¼åå¤ç»ä¹ 书åæå
³åå¦æ¹ç¨å¼ï¼è¿ä¸¤é¨åå
容ææ¡äºï¼å¦ä¹ ççæ§è´¨ä¹å°±è¿åè解ï¼äºæ¯è¦èªå¦ä¹¦åéå½â
¢âé¨åé
¸ã碱åçç溶解æ§è¡¨âï¼ä»ä¸æ¾åºæº¶ä¸ä¸æº¶çè§å¾ï¼åå¤ç»ä¹ 书åæå
³ååºçåå¦æ¹ç¨å¼ï¼è¾¹å边巩åºå¤å解ååºæ¡ä»¶ãè¿æ ·å¤æ¬¡ç»ä¹ ï¼ä½ ä¼è§å¾ä¹¦åå¤å解ååºçåå¦æ¹ç¨å¼ï¼æ¯æè§å¾å¯å¾ªçï¼å¹¶ä¸æ¯é¾äºã
3ï¼ç¢±ä¸é
¸æ§æ°§åç©ååºä¸å±äºå¤å解ååº
ä¸ãçè®°é
¸ã碱ãçç溶解æ§
é
¸ã碱ãçç溶解æ§æ¯å¤æå¤å解ååºè½å¦åççä¸ä¸ªéè¦ä¾æ®ï¼è¿éæä»¬ä¸ºä½ æä¾ä¸ä¸ªè®°å¿å£è¯ï¼
é¾é éµçç¡é
¸çï¼ å
¨é¨é½å±å¯æº¶çã
ç¡«é
¸çä¸æº¶é¡åé
ï¼ é
¸æ溶ï¼ç¢±é¾æº¶ã
æ°¯åç©ä¸æº¶é¶äºæ±ï¼ 碳é
¸çï¼å¤ä¸æº¶ã
åãå 个常è§ç¦»åçæ£éª
Clï¼ãBa2+ ãCO32- çæ£éª
å®éªæä½ å®éªç°è±¡ å®éªç»è®º åå¦æ¹ç¨å¼
Clï¼ åå°éæ ·åäºè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼æ»´å AgNO3溶液åç¨HNO3 æä¸æº¶äºç¨ç¡é
¸çç½è²æ²æ·çæ æ ·åå«æClï¼
AgNO3+KCl=AgClâ+KNO3
åå°éæ ·åäºè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼æ»´å Ba(NO3)2溶液åç¨HNO3 æä¸æº¶äºç¨ç¡é
¸çç½è²æ²æ·çæ æ ·åå«æ
Ba(NO3)2+H2SO4=BaSO4â+2HNO3
åå°éæ ·åäºè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼æ»´å ç¨HCl,å°çæçæ°ä½éå
¥æ¾æ¸
ç³ç°æ°´ ææ è²æ°ä½çæï¼è¯¥æ°ä½ä½¿æ¾æ¸
ç³ç°æ°´åæµæµ æ ·åå«æ
K2CO3+2HCl=2KCl+ CO2â+H2O
CO2+Ca(OH)2= CaCO3â+ H2O
é
¸ç¢±çç¥è¯å½çº³
ä¸ãæ¦å¿µï¼
1ã é
¸çç»æââ氢离åï¼é
¸æ ¹ç¦»å
2ã 碱çç»æââéå±ç¦»åï¼æ°¢æ°§æ ¹ç¦»å
3ã ççç»æââéå±ç¦»åï¼é
¸æ ¹ç¦»å
4ã å¤å解ååºââç±ä¸¤ç§ååç©äºç¸äº¤æ¢æåï¼çæå¦å¤ä¸¤ç§ååç©çååºï¼å«åå¤å解ååºãAB+CD=AD+CB
5ã ç¨éæµç¡«é
¸çæ¹æ³ââä¸å®è¦ææµç¡«é
¸æ²¿çå¨å£æ
¢æ
¢å°æ³¨å
¥æ°´éï¼å¹¶ä¸ææ
å¨ï¼ä½¿äº§çççéè¿
éå°æ©æ£ï¼åä¸å¯ææ°´åå
¥æµç¡«é
¸éã
6ã ä¸åååºââé
¸è·ç¢±ä½ç¨çæçåæ°´çååºå«åä¸åååºã
äºãç记常è§å
ç´ åååå¢çååä»·å£è¯ï¼
ï¼æ£ä»·ï¼ä¸æ°¢é¾é é¶ï¼äºééé¡éï¼ä¸éãåç¡
ãäºæ°®ç£·ã
ï¼è´ä»·ï¼è´ä¸ä»·ï¼æ°ãæ°¯ã溴ãç¢ï¼
è´äºä»·ï¼æ°§åç¡«ã
ï¼å¯åæ£ä»·ï¼ï¼ä¸äºéæ±ï¼äºä¸éï¼äºå碳ï¼åå
ç¡«ã
ï¼ååå¢çååä»·
è´ä¸ä»·ï¼æ°¢æ°§æ ¹ï¼OHï¼ï¼ç¡é
¸æ ¹ï¼NO3ï¼ï¼æ°¯é
¸æ ¹ï¼ClO3ï¼ï¼é«é°é
¸æ ¹ï¼MnO4ï¼ï¼
è´äºä»·ï¼ç¡«é
¸æ ¹ï¼SO4ï¼ï¼ç¢³é
¸æ ¹ï¼CO3ï¼ï¼äºç¡«é
¸æ ¹ï¼SO3ï¼ï¼é°é
¸æ ¹ï¼MnO4ï¼ï¼
è´ä¸ä»·ï¼ç£·é
¸æ ¹ï¼PO4ï¼ï¼
æ£ä¸ä»·ï¼éµæ ¹ï¼NH4ï¼ã
ä¸ãçè®°ä¸åååºæ¹ç¨å¼ï¼
ï¼ä¸ï¼é
¸çæ§è´¨ï¼1ï¼ä¸æ示åååº ç´«è²ç³èè¯æ¶²å红è²ï¼æ è²é
é
è¯æ¶²ä¸åè²ã
ï¼2ï¼é
¸ ï¼ ç¢± ï¼ ç ï¼ æ°´ã
ï¼3ï¼é
¸ ï¼ æäºéå±æ°§åç© ï¼ ç ï¼ æ°´ã
ï¼4ï¼é
¸ ï¼ æ´»æ³¼éå± ï¼ ç ï¼ æ°¢æ°ã
ï¼5ï¼é
¸ ï¼ ç ï¼ æ°ç ï¼ æ°é
¸ã
1ã éè·ç¨çé
¸ååºï¼ Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 â ææ°æ³¡äº§çï¼éç²éæ¸åå°ã
2ã éè·ç¨ç¡«é
¸ååºï¼ Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2 â
3ã éè·ç¨çé
¸ååºï¼ Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2 â ææ°æ³¡äº§çï¼ééæ¸åå°ï¼
4ã éè·ç¨ç¡«é
¸ååºï¼ Fe + H2SO4 =FeSO4 + H2 â 溶液åææµ
绿è²ã
5ã ééè·ç¨çé
¸ååºï¼Fe2O3 +6HCl = 2FeCl3 + 3H2O 红è²éééæ¸æ¶å¤±ï¼
6ã ééè·ç¨ç¡«é
¸ååºï¼Fe2O3+ 3 H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O 溶液åæé»è²
7ã æ°§åéè·ç¨çé
¸ååºï¼CuO + 2HCl =CuCl2 +H2O é»è²æ°§åééæ¸æ¶å¤±ï¼
8ã æ°§åéè·ç¨ç¡«é
¸ååºï¼CuO + H2SO4= CuSO4 + H2O 溶液åæèè²ã
ï¼äºï¼ç¢±çæ§è´¨ï¼ï¼1ï¼ç¢±æº¶æ¶²è½ä½¿ç´«è²ç³èè¯æ¶²åèè²ï¼æ è²é
é
è¯æ¶²å红è²ã
ï¼2ï¼ç¢± ï¼ å¤æ°ééå±æ°§åç© ï¼ ç ï¼ æ°´
ï¼3ï¼ç¢± ï¼ é
¸ ï¼ ç ï¼ æ°´
ï¼4ï¼ç¢±ï¼æäºç ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§ç ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§ç¢±
1ã 氢氧åé è·äºæ°§å碳ååºï¼2NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 +H2O
2ã 氢氧åé è·äºæ°§åç¡«ååºï¼2NaOH + SO2 = Na2SO3 + H2O
3ã 氢氧åé è·ä¸æ°§åç¡«ååºï¼2NaOH + SO3 = Na2SO4 + H2O
4ã 氢氧åéè·äºæ°§å碳ååºï¼Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3â + H2O 使æ¾æ¸
ç³ç°æ°´åæµæµ
5ã 氢氧åé è·ç¨ç¡«é
¸ååºï¼2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
6ã 氢氧åé è·ç¨çé
¸ååºï¼NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
7ã çç³ç°è·æ°´ååºï¼CaO + H2O =Ca(OH)2
ï¼ä¸ï¼ççæ§è´¨ï¼ï¼1ï¼ç ï¼ æäºéå±ï¼å¦ä¸ç§ç ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§éå±ã
ï¼2ï¼ç ï¼ æäºé
¸ ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§ç ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§é
¸ã
ï¼3ï¼ç ï¼ æäºç¢± ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§ç ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§ç¢±
ï¼4ï¼ç ï¼ æäºç ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§ç ï¼ å¦ä¸ç§ç
1ã ç¡«é
¸é溶液è·éååºï¼CuSO4 + Fe = ZnSO4 +Fe é表é¢è¦ç红è²ç©è´¨ï¼æº¶æ¶²ç±èè²åæµ
绿è²
2ã 碳é
¸é è·çé
¸ååºï¼Na2CO3+ 2HCl = 2NaCl +H2O +CO2âææ°æ³¡äº§çåºä½éæ¸åå°
3ã 碳é
¸æ°¢é è·çé
¸ååºï¼NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl +H2O + CO2âææ°æ³¡äº§çåºä½éæ¸åå°
4ã ç³ç°ç³è·ç¨çé
¸ååºï¼CaCO3+ 2HCl = CaCl2 +H2O +CO2âææ°æ³¡äº§çåºä½éæ¸åå°
5ã ç¡é
¸é¶è·ç¨çé
¸ååºï¼AgNO3 + HCl = AgClâ +HNO3 æç½è²æ²æ·äº§ç
6ã æ°¯åé¡è·ç¨ç¡«é
¸ååºï¼BaCl2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4â + 2HCl æç½è²æ²æ·äº§ç
7ã 氢氧åéæ ¹ç¢³é
¸é 溶液ååºï¼Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 = 2NaOH + CaCO3â æç½è²æ²æ·äº§ç
8ã ç¡é
¸é¶æº¶æ¶²è·æ°¢æ°§åé 溶液ååºï¼AgNO3 + NaCl = AgClâ + NaNO3æç½è²æ²æ·äº§ç
9ã æ°¯åé¡æº¶æ¶²è·ç¡«é
¸é 溶液ååºï¼BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = 2NaCl + BaSO4âæç½è²æ²æ·äº§ç
åãéå±æ´»å¨æ§é¡ºåºè¡¨ï¼
K Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb (H) Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
äºã溶解æ§è¡¨ï¼
ï¼1ï¼ å¤§å¤æ°é
¸å¯æº¶ï¼HClãHNO3ãH2CO3ææ¥åæ§ãæµH2SO4æå¸æ°´æ§ãï¼
ï¼2ï¼ ç¢±ç溶解æ§ï¼é¾ãé ãé¡ãéµæº¶ãé微溶ï¼å
¶ä½ç¢± å
¨ä¸æº¶ã
ï¼3ï¼ çç溶解æ§ï¼
é¾ãé ãéµãç¡åç溶ã
æ°¯åç©é¤AgClä¸æº¶å¤ï¼å
¶ä½å
¨æº¶ã
ç¡«é
¸çé¤BaSO4ä¸æº¶ï¼Ag2SO4ãCaSO4微溶å¤ï¼å
¶ä½å
¨æº¶ã
碳é
¸çé¤é¾ãé ãéµçå
¨æº¶ãMgCO3å¾®å¤ï¼å
¶ä½å
¨ä¸æº¶ã
å
ãååºæ¡ä»¶ï¼
1ã å¤å解ååºçæ¡ä»¶ââçæç©ä¸ææ²æ·æåºï¼æææ°ä½æ¾åºï¼æææ°´çæ
2ã éå±è·é
¸ååºçæ¡ä»¶ââ
ï¼1ï¼ å¨éå±æ´»å¨æ§é¡ºåºè¡¨ä¸ï¼éå±è¦æå¨æ°¢åã
ï¼2ï¼ æµç¡«é
¸ãç¡é
¸è·éå±ååºä¸è½çææ°¢æ°ã
ï¼3ï¼ éåçç½®æ¢ååºæ¶ï¼çæï¼2ä»·çéçååç©ã
3ã éå±è·çååºçæ¡ä»¶ââ
ï¼1ï¼å¨éå±æ´»å¨æ§é¡ºåºè¡¨ä¸ï¼åè´¨çéå±è¦æ¯çä¸éå±æ´»æ³¼ã
ï¼2ï¼ååºç©ä¸ççè¦å¯æº¶ã
ï¼3ï¼KãCaãNaãBaçéå±è·çååºä¸è½çæå¦ä¸ç§çåå¦ä¸ç§éå±ã
4ã çè·çååºçæ¡ä»¶ââååºç©é½è¦å¯æº¶ï¼çæç©è¦ææ²æ·ã
5ã çè·ç¢±ååºçæ¡ä»¶ââååºç©é½è¦å¯æº¶ï¼çæç©è¦ææ²æ·ææ°ä½ã
ä¸ãç记常è§ç©è´¨çä¿ç§°ååå¦å¼ï¼
çç³ç°ââ CaO çç³ç°ââCa(OH)2 ç³ç°ç³ã大çç³ââ CaCO3
é£çââNaCl ç«ç¢±ãç§ç¢±ãèæ§é ââ NaOH 纯碱ãèæââNa2CO3
å°èæââ NaHCO3 ééã赤éç¿ââFe2O3 赤éç¿ââ Fe3O4
éåç³ãç³å¢¨ââ C å¹²å°ââCO2 å°ââ H2O
天ç¶æ°ï¼ç²ç·ï¼ââCH4 é
ç²¾ï¼ä¹éï¼ââ C2H5OH éé
¸ï¼ä¹é
¸ï¼ââCH3COOH
å
«ãç记常è§ç©è´¨çé¢è²ï¼
红è²çåºä½ââCuãFe2O3 ãPï¼çº¢ç£·ï¼
é»è²çåºä½ââCãCuOãFe3O4ãFeOãMnO2
ç½è²çåºä½ââKClO3ãP2O5ãPï¼ç½ç£·ï¼ãCuSO4ï¼æ æ°´ç¡«é
¸éï¼ãKClãNaClç
æç´«è²çåºä½ââKMnO4 é»è²çåºä½ââ S
èè²çåºä½ââCuSO4•5H2O èè²çµ®ç¶æ²æ·ââCuï¼OHï¼2
红è¤è²çµ®ç¶æ²æ·ââFeï¼OHï¼3 常è§ä¸æº¶äºé
¸çç½è²æ²æ·ââBaSO4ãAgC溶äºé
¸å¹¶æ¾åºä½¿æ¾æ¸
ç³ç°æ°´åæµæµçæ°ä½çç½è²æ²æ·âBaCO3ãCaCO3çä¸æº¶æ§ç¢³é
¸ççæ²æ·
溶äºé
¸ä½ä¸äº§çæ°ä½çç½è²æ²æ·ââMgï¼OHï¼2ãAlï¼OHï¼3çä¸æº¶æ§ç¢±çæ²æ·
èè²ç溶液ââ CuSO4ãCuCl2ãCuï¼NO3ï¼2çå«Cu2ï¼æº¶æ¶²
æµ
绿è²ç溶液ââFeSO4ãFeCl2çå«Fe2ï¼æº¶æ¶²
é»è²ç溶液ââFeCl3ãFe2ï¼SO4ï¼3ãFeï¼NO3ï¼3çå«Fe3ï¼æº¶æ¶²
ä¹ãç©è´¨çæ£éªåé´å«ï¼
1ã æ£éªç¨çé
¸ï¼æClï¼ï¼ââåå°éå¾
æ£æ¶²ä½äºæ´åçè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼æ»´å
¥å æ»´AgNO3溶液åç¨HNO3ï¼æç½è²æ²æ·äº§çã
2ã æ£éªç¨ç¡«é
¸ï¼æSO42ï¼ï¼ââåå°éå¾
æ£æ¶²ä½äºæ´åçè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼æ»´å
¥å æ»´BaCl2溶液åç¨HNO3ï¼æç½è²æ²æ·äº§çã
3ã æ£éªCO32ï¼ââåå°éå¾
æ£æ¶²ä½äºæ´åçè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼æ»´å
¥å æ»´ç¨HClï¼æ使æ¾æ¸
ç³ç°æ°´åæµæµçæ°ä½äº§çã
4ã æ£éªNH4ï¼ââåå°éå¾
æ£ç©äºæ´åçè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼æ»´å
¥ééNaOH溶液并å çï¼æ使湿ç红è²ç³èè¯çº¸åæèè²çæ°ä½äº§çã
5ã é´å«ç¨çé
¸åç¨ç¡«é
¸ââåå«åå°éå¾
æ£æ¶²ä½äºä¸¤æ¯æ´åçè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼åæ»´å
¥å æ»´BaCl2溶液ï¼æç½è²æ²æ·äº§ççå溶液æ¯ç¨ç¡«é
¸ï¼æ ç°è±¡äº§ççå溶液æ¯ç¨çé
¸ã
6ã é´å«Caï¼OHï¼2åNaOH溶液ââåå«åå°éå¾
æ£æ¶²ä½äºä¸¤æ¯æ´åçè¯ç®¡ä¸ï¼åå«éå
¥CO2æ°ä½ï¼æåæ»´å
¥å æ»´Na2CO3溶液ï¼ï¼æç½è²æ²æ·äº§ççå溶液æ¯Caï¼OHï¼2ï¼æ ç°è±¡äº§ççå溶液æ¯NaOHã
âè¡¥å
ä¸åååºæ¹ç¨å¼ï¼
1ã 氢氧åéè·ç¨çé
¸ååºï¼ Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl = CuCl2 + 2H2O èè²æ²æ·æ¶å¤±
2ã 氢氧åéè·ç¨ç¡«é
¸ååºï¼ Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2H2O åæèè²æº¶æ¶²
3ã 氢氧åé è·ç¡«é
¸é溶液ååºï¼2NaOH + CuSO4 = Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 â æèè²æ²æ·äº§ç
4ã 氢氧åé è·æ°¯åé溶液ååºï¼3NaOH + FeCl3 = Fe(OH)3â +3NaCl æ红è¤è²æ²æ·äº§ç
âå¤æ溶液çé
¸ç¢±æ§ââç¨æ示åï¼æº¶æ¶²çé
¸ç¢±åº¦ââç¨pHæ¥è¡¨ç¤ºã
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
â é
¸æ§å¢å¼º ä¸æ§ 碱æ§å¢å¼º â
ç´«è²ç³è æ è²é
é
pH<7为é
¸æ§ æ¾çº¢è² æ¾æ è²
pH=7为ä¸æ§ æ¾ç´«è² æ¾çº¢è²
pH>7ä¸ºç¢±æ§ æ¾èè² æ¾çº¢è²
âå¹²ç¥åçéæ©ï¼
1ãæµç¡«é
¸å¯å¹²ç¥ï¼é
¸æ§æ°ä½ï¼å¦ï¼CO2ãSO2ãSO3ãNO2ãHClãï¼
ä¸æ§æ°ä½ï¼å¦ï¼H2ãO2ãN2ãCOï¼
â»ä¸è½å¹²ç¥ç¢±æ§æ°ä½ï¼å¦ï¼NH3ï¼
2ã氢氧åé åºä½ãçç³ç°ã碱ç³ç°å¯å¹²ç¥ï¼ç¢±æ§æ°ä½ï¼å¦ï¼NH3ï¼
ä¸æ§æ°ä½ï¼å¦ï¼H2ãO2ãN2ãCOï¼
â»ä¸è½å¹²ç¥é
¸æ§æ°ä½ï¼å¦ï¼CO2ãSO2ãSO3ãNO2ãHClãï¼
3ãæ æ°´ç¡«é
¸éåºä½éæ°´ç±ç½è²åèè²ï¼å¯æ£éªæ°´çåå¨ï¼å¹¶å¸æ¶æ°´è¸æ°ã
温馨提示:内容为网友见解,仅供参考