化学专业英语中译英翻译 不要网上翻译软件翻译的

Question

根据以上对量子力学结果的简要说明，可以知道原子核外的电子在各自的原子轨道上运动着。处于不同轨道上的电子能量大小是不同的，称它们为电子能级不同，也称能级轨道不同。当原子中所有电子都处于最低能量的轨道上时，就说该原子处于基态。如果原子中某些电子处于能量较高的轨道，则称原子处于激发态。显然，原子的基态只有一个，但可以有许多个能量高地不同的激发态，分别被称为第一激发态、第二激发态等等。图5.1中n〉2的能级均为氢原子的激发态。

当电负性值较小的活泼金属（如第Ⅰ主族的K、Na等）和电负性值较大的活泼非金属（如第Ⅶ主族的F、Cl等）元素的原子相互靠近时，因前者易失电子形成正离子，后者易获得电子而形成负离子，而正、负离子则因静电引力而结合在一起，形成离子型化合物。这种由正、负离子之间的静电引力形成的化学键叫做离子键。离子键无饱和性也无方向性。离子键通常存在于离子晶体中。

原子轨道相互重叠形成共价键时，原子轨道要对称性匹配，并满足最大的重叠条件。即自旋相反的未成对电子相互接近时，必须考虑其波函数的正、负号，只有同号道（即对称性匹配）才能实现有效的重叠。

Answer 1

According to the above summary of quantum mechanics, we can know the electrons outside of the nucleus are on different orbitals. Different electons on different orbitals have different amoun of energy; this principle is known as the "difference orbital." When the atom's electons are all at the lowest energy level, this is known as the ground state. When some of the electons on the nucleus are on higher orbitals, it is called the excited state. Oviously, there can only be one basic structure of the atom, but there can be numerious excited state. These are known as the first excited state, second excited state. third excited state, etc... The picture 5,1 (n> 2) shows the second excited state of hydrogen.

When the lower electronegativity excited metals (such as Potassium and Sodium) and high electronegativity non-metals （such as flourine and chlorine) get closer to each other, the metals become cations, and the non-metals become anions.When the cations and anions combine, they form an ionic compound. This kind of electostatic pull is called ionic bond. Ionic Bond do not have directions and can be find in ionic solid.

我不明白第三段, 还有离子键是有方向性.
查查看你资料吧， 有些是错的

goodluck, hope its not too late

参考资料：美国学生

Answer 2

叫你导师试一下吧...大学老师都不一定搞的定...

Answer 3

好长额。。。

Answer 4

according to the introduction about

Answer 5

According to the above the quantum mechanical results are briefly described, can know the atoms extranuclear electrons in their respective atomic orbit motion. In the different orbit of electron energy size are different, they are called electronic energy level is different, also known as different level track. When the atoms are in the lowest energy of all the electronic track, saying the atoms in the ground state. If the atoms of certain electronic in higher energy orbit, called atoms in excited state. Apparently, atomic ground state is only one, but there can be many different excited states energy heights, are known as the first excited state, the second excited state etc.. In Figure 5.1 n ' 2 energy level for hydrogen atom in the excited state.
When the electronegativity values smaller active metal ( such as the first main group K, Na ) and electronegativity values larger active metal ( such as Article VII main group F, Cl ) atoms of elements are close to each other, because the former non-volatile electronic form positive ions, the latter easy access to electronic and the formation of negative ions, and positive, negative ion due to electrostatic attraction and together, forming the ionic compound. This consists of positive, negative electrostatic attraction between ions to form chemical bond is called ionic bond. Ionic bond without saturation and no direction. Ionic bond is usually found in ionic crystals.
Atomic orbital overlap each other to form a covalent bond, atomic orbitals to symmetry matching, and meet the maximum overlap conditions. The opposite spin unpaired electrons close to each other, must consider its wave function is, minus, with the only numbers (i.e. the symmetry matching ) can achieve effective overlap.