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Question

Each of the past three centuries has been dominated by a single technology. The 18th century was the era of the great mechanical systems accompanying the Industrial Revolution. The 19th century was the age of the steam engine. During the 20th century, the key technology was information gathering, processing, and distribution. Among other developments, we saw the installation of worldwide telephone networks, the invention of radio and television, the birth and unprecedented growth of the computer industry, and the launching of communication satellites.

As a result of rapid technological progress, these areas are rapidly converging and the differences between collecting, transporting, storing, and processing information are quickly disappearing. Organizations with hundreds of offices spread over a wide geographical area routinely expect to be able to examine the current status of even their most remote outpost at the push of a button. As our ability to gather, process, and distribute information grows, the demand for ever more sophisticated information processing grows even faster.

Although the computer industry is still young compared to other industries (e.g., automobiles and air transportation), computers have made spectacular progress in a short time. During the first two decades of their existence, computer systems were highly centralized, usually within a single large room. Not infrequently, this room had glass walls, through which visitors could gawk at the great electronic wonder inside. A medium-sized company or university might have had one or two computers, while large institutions had at most a few dozen. The idea that within twenty years equally powerful computers smaller than postage stamps would be mass produced by the millions was pure science fiction.

The merging of computers and communications has had a profound influence on the way computer systems are organized. The concept of the ''computer center'' as a room with a large computer to which users bring their work for processing is now totally obsolete. The old model of a single computer serving all of the organization's computational needs has been replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers do the job. These systems are called computer networks. The design and organization of these networks are the subjects of this book.

Answer 1

每个过去三个世纪由唯一技术控制了。18 世纪是巨大机械系统的时代伴随工业革命。19 世纪是蒸汽引擎的年龄。在20 世纪期间, 关键技术是信息汇聚, 处理, 和发行。在其它发展中, 我们看了全世界电话网的设施, 收音机的发明和电视, 计算机行业的诞生和史无前例的成长, 和发射通讯卫星。

由于迅速技术进展, 这些区域迅速地聚合并且区别在收集, 运输, 存放, 和处理信息之间迅速消失。组织以上百办公室延长了一个宽地理区域定期地准备能审查当前状态的他们的最遥远的前哨基地在按钮的推挤。作为我们的能力会集, 处理, 并且分布信息增长, 对更多老练信息处理的需求增长快速。

虽然计算机行业仍然是年轻人与其它产业比较(即, 汽车和空中运输), 计算机在短时间内获得了壮观的进展。在第一二十年他们的存在期间, 计算机系统高度集中了, 通常在一间唯一大屋子之内。不少有地, 这个室有玻璃墙,
访客能呆视在巨大电子奇迹里面。中等大小公司或大学也许已经有一两台计算机, 当大机关有在多数几十二。在二十年之内相等地强有力的计算机小比邮票会是大量由成千上万导致的想法是纯净的科幻。

合并计算机和通信有深刻影响在途中计算机系统被组织的。' ' 计算机中心的"概念作为一间屋子与用户带来他们的工作为处理的一台大规模计算机给现在是完全过时。一台唯一计算机的老模型服务所有组织的计算需要由一个替换了很大数量分开但被互联的计算机做工作。这些系统叫做计算机网络。这些网络的设计和组织是这本书主题。

Answer 2

bu hao

Answer 3

ぐん