第1个回答 2012-05-31
1) leave的用法
1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如:
When did you leave Shanghai?
你什么时候离开上海的?
2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如:
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.
下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了。
3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如:
Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?
你为什么要离开上海去北京?
2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等,有“竟会”的意思,例如:
How should I know? 我怎么知道?
Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚?
should有时表示应当做或发生的事,例如:
We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。
我们在使用时要注意以下几点:
1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如:
You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。
2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如:
You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服,你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如:
We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。
She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。
3) What...? 与 Which...?
1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词,都可以指人或事物,但是what仅用来询问职业。如:
What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的?
该句相当于:
What does your father do?
What is your father's job?
Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如:
---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特?
---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2. What...?是泛指,所指的事物没有范围的限制;而 Which...?是特指,所指的事物有范围的限制。如:
What color do you like best? (所有颜色)
你最喜爱什么颜色?
Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? (有特定的范围)
你最喜爱哪一种颜色?
3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如:
Which pictures are from China?
哪些图片来自中国?
什么是助动词
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3.最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
7) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do
1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作或状态, 或将来某一段时间内经常进行的动作或状态。一般将来时由助动词shall / will+动词原形,或be going to + 动词原形构成。 美国英语则不管什么人称,一律用will。 be going to形式可以在任何情况下使用。 shall 和 will 常常缩写成'll ,紧接在主语之后。其否定式 shall not 和will not 的缩写式分别为 shan't 和 won't。肯定句:I/We shall/will go. You/He/She/They Will go. 否定句:I/We shall/will not go. You/He/She/They Will not go. 疑问句:Shall I/we go? Will you/he/she/they go? 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语shall/will (否) No,主语 shall/will not 特殊疑问句:一般将来时的特殊疑问句是将疑问词放在句首,后接一般疑问句(就主语提问时,以疑问词who开头的疑问词除外) ----- why will you be here on Sunday?(周日你为什么将要在这儿?) -----I will have a meeting on Sunday(我将要在周日举行一个聚会) (对特殊疑问句要进行具体回答) 一般疑问句:be或will提到句首,some改any,and改or,第一二人称互换 We are going to go on an outing this weekend.-------Are you going to go on an outing this weekend? 被动句:will/shall+be+v.ed(及物动词过去分词) The letter will be sent tomorrow 这封信明天将寄出去 We shall be punished if we break the rule 如果我们违反规定,我们将受到惩罚。
●一般疑问句如用will you…?其简略答语须是Yes,I will或 No,I won't;如用 Shall I…?(较少见)其简略答语须是 Yes,I shall.或 No, I shall not. 进行时表将来,与瞬间动词连用。
一、现在完成进行时 Have/has+been+动词ING形式 1、强调动作在一段时间内反复发生。 We have been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. 最近我们常常见面。 Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. 你刚才在哪儿?我们一直在到处找你呢! He has been saying that for years. 这话他已经说了好几年了。 It has been raining every day this month. 这个月天天下雨。 2、强调动作在长时间内持续不断。 All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine. 这些年来,他们一直为我们杂志写稿。 She has been writing the letter since four o”clock in the afternoon. 从下午四点钟到现在,她一直在写信。 We have been studying in this school for three years. 我们一直在这所学校学习了三年。 How long have you been watching TV? 你看了多久电视了? 过去完成进行时与将来完成进行时,同现在完成进行时的含义大致相同,一是表示反复发生的事,二是表示一直持续不断的事。 二、过去完成进行时 Had+been+动词ING形式 1、表示反复发生的事 He had been mentioning your name to me. 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。 You had been giving me everything. 你对我真是有求必应。 2、表示持续不断的状况 She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考试之前一直患重感冒。 Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧? Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong. 尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事,但他还是挨骂了。 I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着的。 The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么。 I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的。 3、含有某种感情色彩 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。 They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他们只等了一会儿车就来了。 She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她温习功课才一会儿,她妹妹就打断她了。 三、将来完成进行时 表示动作一直持续到将来某个时间的状况。 He will have been playing on the piano by that time. 他将一直弹钢琴到那个时间。 By the time the sun rises,I shall have been sleeping for nine hours. 当太阳升起的时候,我将睡了九个小时。 He will have been studying Chinese seven years by 1980. 到1980年的时候,他学中文就达到七年了。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元。
现在完成时: 基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed) e.g done ①肯定句中:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语. ②否定句中:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语. ③一般疑问句中:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语. ④特殊疑问句中:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词(V-ed)+其他)
定义
(1)强调动作是从过去持续到现在,并有可能继续持续下去。 (2) 强调对现在的影响或结果,此用法容易和一般过去时混淆。两者的区别是:一般过去时有动作发生的时间点,即过去某一时间发生某一动作;现在完成时则没有,即不强调是哪个时间点发生的动作,而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。 (3)在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作,但是结果对现在有影响。 但过去分词一定要选择准确。 时间状语:recently,lately,since...for...,in the past few years。etc.yet.never.ever.次数
1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则: (1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived, (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped
(1)当陈述部分有never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, scarcely, nothing,none,rarely 等否定意义的词汇时,后面的反意疑问句则为肯定形式: There are few apples in the basket, are there? He can hardly swim, can he? They seldom come late, do they? (2)当陈述部分含有否定意思的词是unhappy,dislike,unfriendly,等含有否定词缀的派生词,也就是有un,dis,no-前缀、less-后缀等含有词缀而意思否定的词,当做肯定句处理,疑问部分要用否定形式。如: He looks unhappy,doesn'the?他看上去不高兴,不是吗? The girl dislikes history,doesn'tshe?这女孩不喜欢历史,不是吗?有less,fewer等词视为肯定词,疑问部分用否定形式。如: There will be less pollution, won't there?
表示主语主观意愿的词
含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时,视情况不同有两种不同的构成方式。 (1)当主句的主语为第一人称时,其后的简短问句应与从句相一致。例如: I expectour English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he? We supposeyou have finished the project, haven't you? 值得注意的是,当这些动词后接的宾语从句的否定转移到主句时,其仍属否定句,故其后的简短问句应用肯定式,而非否定式。例如: I don't believe that he can translate this book, can he? We don't imagine the twins have arrived, have they? 此类句子的回答同"前否后肯"型反意疑问句一样,如上述后一个句子,若双胞胎已经到了,则回答为"Yes, they have.";若尚未到达,使用"No, they haven't."。 (2)当主句的主语为第二、三人称时,其后的简短问句则应与主句相一致(此时,否定只看主句,与从句无关)。例如: Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she? You thought they could have completed the project, didn't you? They don't believe she's an engineer, do they? She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she? (3)但如果主句的时态是过去时等等,疑问句应和主句的人称时态保持一致。
had better或have
陈述部分有had better,或其中的have表示完成时态时,疑问句应用hadn’t等开头: You’d better get up early, hadn’t you? 其他情况句中有have时疑问句应用don't等开头 如have表示“有”的时候,有两种形式:(have 表示有 可用do或 have来改写) -He has two sisters,doesn't he? =He has two sisters,hasn't he? -He doesn't have any sisters,doeshe?
祈使句
当陈述部分是祈使句时,疑问句要根据语气来表达,分三种情况: 1)一般情况下用will you 或 won't you。 Give me a hand,will you? Leave all the things as they are,won't you? 2)以Let's开头的祈使句,前肯后可肯可否,前否后只用will you,疑问句必须用shall we;只有以Let us(听话人不被包括在“us”里面)或Let me开头的祈使句,问句才用will you。 Let us know the time of your arrival,will you? Let”s try again,shall we? Let me help you,will you? Let’s have a look on your book,shall we? 3)当陈述句是否定的祈使句时,问句可用will you 或 can you 。 e.g. Don't make much noise,will/can you?
There be句型
There be 句型中,反义疑问部分必须为be 动词 + there There are some apples in the basket, aren't there? There isn't any milk left, is there?
must
.当陈述部分有情态动词must,问句有4种情况: (1)mustn't表示“禁止,不可,不必”时,附加问句通常要用must. You mustn't stop your car here,must you? 你不能把车停在这地方,知道吗? (2)must表示“有必要”时,附加问句通常要用needn't. They must finish the work today,needn't they? 他们今天要完成这项工作,是吗? (3)当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时,问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。 He must be good at English,isn'the? 他英语一定学得很好,是吗? (4)当must+have done表示对过去的情况进行推测(一般句中有明确的过去时间状语),问句要根据陈述部分谓语的情况用“didn't+主语”或“wasn't/weren't+主语”;如果强调动作的完成(一般没有明确的过去时间状语),问句要用“haven't/hasn't+主语”。 She must have read the novel last week,didn't she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说,是吗? You must have told her about it,haven't you? 你一定把这事告诉她了,是吗?
编辑本段非反义疑问句
非反义疑问句的陈述部分和疑问部分要么同是肯定的,要么同是否定的。这类反义疑问句有时带有感情色彩,表示惊奇,愤怒,讽刺,不服气等。例如:You call this a day's work,do you?你说这就叫一天的活儿,是吗?
编辑本段回答
反意疑问句的回答:前肯后否,正常回答;前否后肯,根据事实从后往前翻译。如: (1)They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作,不是吗? Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不,他们工作不努力 (2)They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗? Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 对, 他们工作不努力
否定反义疑问句的回答
当陈述部分为肯定式,反义疑问句为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般只需照情况回答即可: "It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的,对吗?”“对,是新的。” "He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去,对吗?”“不,他不想去。” 此时,"Yes"即是,对前面"It's new."的肯定。
回答反义疑问句的原则
回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定,如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答,肯定你还没有asleep。但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着,对吗),你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的,还没有睡着),而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am. “It is a beautiful flower,isn't it?” “It isn't a beautiful flower,is it?” 上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes,it is."否定为“No,it isn't." 由上述例子可知,反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联,只需注意事实,肯定即用yes,否定用no,无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。