哪位英文高手帮我翻译联想公司的介绍？

Question

联想集团
公司简介：联想集团成立于1984年，由中科院计算所投资20万元人民币、11名科技人员创办，到今天已经发展成为一家在信息产业内多元化发展的大型企业集团。联想在2005年5月完成对IBM个人电脑事业部的收购，这标志着新联想的诞生！

目前联想的总部设在纽约的Purchase，同时在中国北京和美国北卡罗莱纳州的罗利设立两个主要运营中心，通过联想自己的销售机构、联想业务合作伙伴以及与IBM的联盟，新联想的销售网络遍及全世界。联想在全球有19000多名员工。研发中心分布在中国的北京、深圳、厦门、成都和上海，日本的东京以及美国北卡罗莱纳州的罗利。

新联想是一家极富创新性的国际化的科技公司，由联想及原IBM个人电脑事业部所组成。

作为全球个人电脑市场的领导企业，联想从事开发、制造并销售最可靠的、安全易用的技术产品及优质专业的服务，帮助全球客户和合作伙伴取得成功。

公司历史：1981年，IBM设想在一个新的层面——个人层面——上发展计算能力，以便将信息技术的潜能和生产力从大型机扩展到人们的家庭和工作中去。1981年8月12日， IBM正式发布了历史上第一台PC，从此人类就进入了个人电脑时代。1992年一个传奇而响亮的品牌—ThinkPad诞生了！24年来，IBM个人电脑事业部在个人计算领域中不断发展和创新。其中，作为Think战略的重要支持部分ThinkVantage 技术（TVT）起了重要作用。TVT技术的目标是使Think品牌下的PC产品具有自我监控、自我配置、自我优化和自我恢复的能力，从而最大限度地降低用户的PC总体拥有成本，最终帮助客户赢得商业成功。

1984年，在世界的东方，柳传志带领的10名中国计算机科技人员前瞻性的认识到了PC必将改变人们的工作和生活。怀揣着20万元人民币（2.5万美元）的启动资金以及将研发成果转化为成功产品的坚定决心，这11名科研人员在北京一处租来的传达室中开始创业，年轻的公司命名为“联想”（legend，英文含义为传奇）。在公司发展过程中，联想勇于创新，实现了许多重大技术突破，其中包括了研制成功可将英文操作系统翻译成中文的联想式汉卡，开发出可一键上网的个人电脑，并于2003年，推出完全创新的关联应用技术，从而确立了联想在3C时代的的重要地位。凭借这些技术领先的个人电脑产品，联想登上了中国IT业的顶峰，2004年时联想已然连续八年占据中国市场份额第一的位置。

1994年，联想在香港证券交易所成功上市；4年后，联想生产了自有品牌的第一百万台个人电脑。2003年，联想将其英文标识从“Legend”更换为“Lenovo”，其中“Le”取自原标识“Legend”，代表着秉承其一贯传统，新增加的“novo”取自拉丁词“新”，代表着联想的核心是创新精神。2004年，联想公司正式从“Legend”更名为“Lenovo”。

今天，这两家有着相同梦想的公司在联想的名下携起手来。联想在2005年5月完成对IBM个人电脑事业部的收购，这标志着新联想将成为全球个人电脑市场的领先者——年收入约130亿美元，服务于世界各地的企业客户和个人客户。

Answer 1

Lenovo
Company Description: Lenovo Group was established in 1984 by the CAS Institute of Computing invested 200,000 yuan, 11 scientific and technical personnel was founded, and today has grown into a diversified development in the information industry in a large-scale enterprise groups. Lenovo in May 2005 to complete the IBM Personal Computing Division, the acquisition, which marked the birth of the new Lenovo!

At present, Lenovo is headquartered in New York, Purchase, at the same time in Beijing and Raleigh, North Carolina, the establishment of two main operations center, through Lenovo's own sales organization, Lenovo business partners and the alliance with IBM, the new Lenovo's sales network throughout the world. Lenovo's worldwide staff of more than 19,000. R & D center located in China, Beijing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Chengdu and Shanghai, Tokyo, Japan and the United States Raleigh, North Carolina.

The new Lenovo is an innovative, international technology company, from Lenovo and the former IBM Personal Computing Division, composed of.

As a global leader in the PC market, Lenovo develops, manufactures and markets the most reliable, safe-to-use technology products and high-quality professional services to help global customers and partners to succeed.

Company History: In 1981, IBM envisioned in a new dimension - the individual level - on the development of computing power, so that the potential of information technology and productivity from the mainframe be extended to people at home and work. August 12, 1981, IBM released the first in history, PC, from the human entered the personal computer era. In 1992 a legendary brand of loud-ThinkPad born! 24 years, IBM Personal Computing Division in the field of personal computing in the continuous development and innovation. Among them, an important support as part of Think strategy ThinkVantage Technology (TVT) played an important role. TVT technology goal is to make under the Think brand PC products are self-monitoring, self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-recovery capability to the user's PC to minimize the total cost of ownership and ultimately help our customers gain commercial success.

In 1984, in the East, Liu led 10 Chinese computer scientists recognize the forward-looking PC will change the way people work and live. Carries over 20 million yuan (25,000 U.S. dollars) in start-up capital as well as R & D results into successful products the firm determination of the 11 researchers in Beijing, one of the janitor's room rented to start business, the young company named " Legend "(legend, the English meaning of the legend). The process of development in the company, Lenovo and innovative to achieve a number of major technological breakthroughs, including the successful development of the English operating systems can be translated into Chinese Han-style card associations to develop access to the Internet can be a key to personal computers, and in 2003 the introduction of totally innovative correlation techniques, thus establishing the association in the 3C era of importance. With these leading-edge PC products, Lenovo climbed the peak of China's IT industry in 2004, when Lenovo is already accounted for eight consecutive years the Chinese market share in the first position.

In 1994, Lenovo was successfully listed in Hong Kong Stock Exchange; four years later, Lenovo has produced its own brand of one-millionth personal computer. In 2003, the Lenovo logo will be in English from the "Legend" replaced by "Lenovo", where "Le" from the original logo "Legend", represents the true to its established tradition, the newly added "novo" from the Latin word "new" , on behalf of the association is the core of innovation. In 2004, Lenovo officially from the "Legend" was renamed "Lenovo".

Today, the two share the same dream, to join hands in the name of Lenovo. Lenovo in May 2005 to complete the IBM Personal Computing Division, the acquisition, which marked the new Lenovo will become the world leader in PC market - annual income of about 130 billion U.S. dollars, serving corporate customers around the world, and individual clients.

希望对你有帮助哦^_^

Answer 2

Lenovo
Company Description: Lenovo Group was established in 1984 by the CAS Institute of Computing invested 200,000 yuan, 11 scientific and technical personnel was founded, and today has grown into a diversified development in the information industry in a large-scale enterprise groups. Lenovo in May 2005 to complete the IBM Personal Computing Division, the acquisition, which marked the birth of the new Lenovo!

At present, Lenovo is headquartered in New York, Purchase, at the same time in Beijing and Raleigh, North Carolina, the establishment of two main operations center, through Lenovo's own sales organization, Lenovo business partners and the alliance with IBM, the new Lenovo's sales network throughout the world. Lenovo's worldwide staff of more than 19,000. R & D center located in China, Beijing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Chengdu and Shanghai, Tokyo, Japan and the United States Raleigh, North Carolina.

The new Lenovo is an innovative, international technology company, from Lenovo and the former IBM Personal Computing Division, composed of.

As a global leader in the PC market, Lenovo develops, manufactures and markets the most reliable, safe-to-use technology products and high-quality professional services to help global customers and partners to succeed.

Company History: In 1981, IBM envisioned in a new dimension - the individual level - on the development of computing power, so that the potential of information technology and productivity from the mainframe be extended to people at home and work. August 12, 1981, IBM released the first in history, PC, from the human entered the personal computer era. In 1992 a legendary brand of loud-ThinkPad born! 24 years, IBM Personal Computing Division in the field of personal computing in the continuous development and innovation. Among them, an important support as part of Think strategy ThinkVantage Technology (TVT) played an important role. TVT technology goal is to make under the Think brand PC products are self-monitoring, self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-recovery capability to the user's PC to minimize the total cost of ownership and ultimately help our customers gain commercial success.

In 1984, in the East, Liu led 10 Chinese computer scientists recognize the forward-looking PC will change the way people work and live. Carries over 20 million yuan (25,000 U.S. dollars) in start-up capital as well as R & D results into successful products
行行好，分给我！

Answer 3

Lenovo
Company Description: Lenovo Group was established in 1984 by the CAS Institute of Computing invested 200,000 yuan, 11 scientific and technical personnel was founded, and today has grown into a diversified development in the information industry in a large-scale enterprise groups. Lenovo in May 2005 to complete the IBM Personal Computing Division, the acquisition, which marked the birth of the new Lenovo!

At present, Lenovo is headquartered in New York, Purchase, at the same time in Beijing and Raleigh, North Carolina, the establishment of two main operations center, through Lenovo's own sales organization, Lenovo business partners and the alliance with IBM, the new Lenovo's sales network throughout the world. Lenovo's worldwide staff of more than 19,000. R & D center located in China, Beijing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Chengdu and Shanghai, Tokyo, Japan and the United States Raleigh, North Carolina.

The new Lenovo is an innovative, international technology company, from Lenovo and the former IBM Personal Computing Division, composed of.

As a global leader in the PC market, Lenovo develops, manufactures and markets the most reliable, safe-to-use technology products and high-quality professional services to help global customers and partners to succeed.

Company History: In 1981, IBM envisioned in a new dimension - the individual level - on the development of computing power, so that the potential of information technology and productivity from the mainframe be extended to people at home and work. August 12, 1981, IBM released the first in history, PC, from the human entered the personal computer era. In 1992 a legendary brand of loud-ThinkPad born! 24 years, IBM Personal Computing Division in the field of personal computing in the continuous development and innovation. Among them, an important support as part of Think strategy ThinkVantage Technology (TVT) played an important role. TVT technology goal is to make under the Think brand PC products are self-monitoring, self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-recovery capability to the user's PC to minimize the total cost of ownership and ultimately help our customers gain commercial success.

In 1984, in the East, Liu led 10 Chinese computer scientists recognize the forward-looking PC will change the way people work and live. Carries over 20 million yuan (25,000 U.S. dollars) in start-up capital as well as R & D results into successful products the firm determination of the 11 researchers in Beijing, one of the janitor's room rented to start business, the young company named " Legend "(legend, the English meaning of the legend). The process of development in the company, Lenovo and innovative to achieve a number of major technological breakthroughs, including the successful development of the English operating systems can be translated into Chinese Han-style card associations to develop access to the Internet can be a key to personal computers, and in 2003 the introduction of totally innovative correlation techniques, thus establishing the association in the 3C era of importance. With these leading-edge PC products, Lenovo climbed the peak of China's IT industry in 2004, when Lenovo is already accounted for eight consecutive years the Chinese market share in the first position.

In 1994, Lenovo was successfully listed in Hong Kong Stock Exchange; four years later, Lenovo has produced its own brand of one-millionth personal computer. In 2003, the Lenovo logo will be in English from the "Legend" replaced by "Lenovo", where "Le" from the original logo "Legend", represents the true to its established tradition, the newly added "novo" from the Latin word "new" , on behalf of the association is the core of innovation. In 2004, Lenovo officially from the "Legend" was renamed "Lenovo".

Today, the two share the same dream, to join hands in the name of Lenovo. Lenovo in May 2005 to complete the IBM Personal Computing Division, the acquisition, which marked the new Lenovo will become the world leader in PC market - annual income of about 130 billion U.S. dollars, serving corporate customers around the world, and individual clients.

Answer 4

常见古今异义词一览
1． 先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中。(《出师表》)
卑鄙——【今义】品性低劣。【古义】卑，出身卑微；鄙，鄙陋．常用作谦词。
2．度道里会遇之礼毕，还，不过三十日。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
不过——【今义】表转折关系的连词。【古义】不超过。
3．是故弟于不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子。(《师说》)
不必——【今义】事理或情理上不需要。【古义】不一定．
4． 是女子不好。(《西门豹治邺》)
不好——【今义】坏。【古义】不美丽。好，容貌美。
5．初一交战，操军不利。(《赤壁之战》)
初一——【今义】农历每月第一天。【古义】刚刚一开始．
6．生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾‘吾从而师之。(《师说》)
从而——【今义】表顺接的连词。【古义】从，跟从：而，连词，连接的后一部分补述前面动作行为的目的。
7． 处分适兄意，那得任自专!(《雀东南飞》)
处分——【今义】对犯罪的或犯错误的人给以处罚。【古义】处置、处理。
8．其后用兵，则遣从事以一少牢告庙。(《伶官传序》)
从事——【今义】①做某种事情。②(按规定)处理。【古义】可以泛指一般属官。
9．今楚地方五千里，持戟百万，此霸王之资也。(《毛遂自荐》)
地方——【今义】①指各省、市、县，与“中央”相对。②指非军事的部门、团体等，与“军队”相对。③区域。④部分。【古义】地，土地；方，方圆。
10.①大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。(《念奴娇?赤壁怀古》)
②风流总被雨打风吹去。(《永遇乐?京口北固亭怀古》)
风流——【今义】①有业绩、有才华的。②指有才学而不拘礼法。③指与男女间的放荡行为有关的。【古义】①杰出的人物或功业；英俊、杰出。②繁华的景象，流风余韵。
11．所以遣将守关者，备他盗之出入与非常也。(《鸿门宴》)
非常——【今义】表程度很深的副词；【古义】意外事故．
12．由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。(《出师表》)
感激——【今义】因得到帮助而对人产生好感。【古义】受感动而激奋。
13．权起更衣，肃追于宇下。(《赤壁之战》)
更衣——【今义】换衣服。【古义】上厕所，讳饰的说法。
14．苟以天下之大而从六国破亡之故事，是又在六国下矣。(《六国论》)
故事——【今义】前后连贯、有吸引力，可用来讲述的事情。【古义】先例、旧事。
15．号令召三老豪杰与皆来会计事。(《陈涉起义》)
豪杰——【今义】才能杰出的人。【古义】①有声望有地位的人。
16．当横行天下，为汉家除残去秽。(《赤壁之战》)
横行——【今义】行动蛮横，依仗暴力胡作非为。【古义】纵横驰骋。
17．①因具富厚，交通王侯．(《论贵粟疏》)
②阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。(《桃花源记》)
交通——【今义】①往来通达。②各种运输和邮电事业的总称。【古义】①勾结，②交互相通。
18．婉贞于是率诸少年结束面出。((冯婉贞))
结束——【今义】发展或进行到最后阶段，不再继续。【古义】整理好装束。
19．鞠躬尽瘁，死向后已。(《后出师表》)
鞠躬——【今义】弯身行礼。【古义】恭敬谨慎地
20．亦雁荡之具体而微者。(《雁荡山》)
具体——【今义】不抽象，不笼统。【古义】具，具备，体，形体。
21．率妻子邑人来此绝境。（《桃花源记》)
绝境——【今义】没有出路的境地。【古义】与外界隔绝的区域。
22．号令召三老、豪杰与皆来会计事。 (《陈涉世家》)
会计——【今义】管理帐目收支等财务工作的人。【古义】会，聚会；计，商议。
23．凡富贵之子，慷慨得志之徒。(《五人墓碑记》)
慷慨——【今义】①大方，不吝啬。②充满正气，意气激昂。【古义】意气风发，情绪激昂。
24．①可怜体无比，阿母为汝求。（《孔雀东南飞》)
②可怜身上衣正单，心优炭贱愿天寒。(《卖炭翁》)
可怜——【今义】①值得怜悯。②不值一提。【古义】①可爱。②值得同情。
25．诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德。(《出师表》)
开张——【今义】商店开始营业。【古义】不闭塞，广泛。
26．门前冷落鞍马稀，老大嫁作商人妇。(《琵琶行》)
老大——【今义】同辈或同伙中排行第一或地位最高的人。【古义】年龄大。
27．宰执以下俱使之南面上坐，称柳将军。(《柳敬亭传》)
南面——【今义】南方，表方位。【古义】南，向南；面，面对，朝向。
28．烈士暮年，壮心不已。（《龟虽寿》）
烈士——【今义】为正义、为革命献出生命的人。【古义】指有志于建立功业的人。
29．秦王大喜，传以示美人(指宫妃)及左右。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
美人——【今义】美貌女子。【古义】指美貌女子，也可特指歌伎、宫妃。
30．相如前进缶。（《廉颇蔺相如列传》）
前进——【今义】向前行动或发展。【古义】前，走上前；进，献上。
31．臣所以去亲戚而事君者，徒慕君之高义也。（《廉颇蔺相如列传》）
亲戚——【今义】跟自己家庭有婚姻关系的家庭或它的成员。【古义】内亲外戚，包括父母、伯叔、子侄及母、妻家中的人。
32．①叶徒相似，其实味不同；
②较秦之所得，与战胜而得者，其实百倍。(《六国论》)
其实——【今义】副词，表示所说的是实际情况(承上文而含转折)。【古义】①它的果实。②那实际情况。
33．秋天漠漠向昏黑。(《茅屋为秋风所破歌》)
秋天——【今义】秋季。【古义】秋，秋天；天，天空。
34．子布、元表诸人各顾妻子。(《赤壁之战》)
妻子——【今义】配偶(女方)。【古义】妻和子女。
35．肉食者谋之。(《曹刿论战》)
肉食——【今义】肉类食物。【古义】食肉。“肉食者”，指生活优裕的大官。
36．山东豪杰遂并起而亡秦族矣。(《过秦论》)
山东——【今义】山东省。【古义】指战国时秦国肴山函谷关以东的楚、赵等六国。
37．近者奉辞伐罪，旌麾南指，刘琮束手。(《赤壁之战》)
束手——【今义】无办法，与“无策”连用。【古义】投降。
38．虽然，受地于先王，愿终守之。(《唐睢不辱使命》)
虽然——【今义】表示让步关系的连词。【古义】虽然如此，尽管这样。虽，虽然；然，如此，这样。
39．乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。(《桃花源记》)
无论——【今义】表示条件不同而结果不变的连词。【古义】不要说，更不必说。
40．牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也。(《曹刿论战》)
牺牲——【今义】为正义而死。【古义】作为祭品的牲畜。
41．宣言曰：“我见相如，必辱之。”(《廉茼列传》)
宣言——【今义】国家、政党或团体对重大问题公开表示意见的文告。【古义】公开扬言。
42．古之学者必有师。(《师说》)
学者——【今义】指在学术上有一定成就的人。【古义】求学的人。
43．召有司案图，指从此以往十五都予赵，（《廉颇蔺相如列传》）
以往——【今义】过去。【古义】从这里起到那里。
44．论天下事势，致殷勤之意。((赤壁之战))
殷勤——【今义】热情而周到。【古义】关切、问候。
45．因为长句，歌以赠之。（《琵琶行》）
因为——【今义】表原因的连词。【古义】于是写作了。
46．将军岂有意乎?(《荆轲刺秦王》)
有意—— 【今义】有心思；故意。【古义】有某种想法、打算。
47．秦自缪公以来二十余君，未尝有坚明约束者也。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
约束—— 【今义】限制使不越出范围。【古义】盟约。
48．子路从而后，遇丈人。(《荷纂丈人》)
丈人—— 【今义】指岳父。【古义】老人、长辈。
49．丈夫处世兮立功名。(《群英会蒋干中计》)
丈夫—— 【今义】妻之配偶。【古义】男子。
50．璧有瑕，请指示王。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
指示—— 【今义】上级对下级或长辈对晚辈说明处理某问题的原则和方法。【古义】指给人看。
51．可谓智力孤危。(《六国论》)
智力——【今义】指人的记忆、观察、想象、思考、判断等。【古义】智慧和力量。
52．中间力拉崩倒之声。（《口技》）
中间——【今义】当中。【古义】中，当中；间，夹杂着。
53．若能以吴越之众与中国抗衡，不如早与之绝。(《赤壁之战》)
中国——【今义】中华人民共和国。【古义】中原地区。如，
54．思厥先祖父，暴霜露，斩荆棘，以有尺寸之地。(《六国论》)
祖父——【今义】父之父。【古义】祖和父，祖辈和父辈。
55．蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。(《劝学》)
用心——【今义】读书用功或对事肯动脑筋(褒义)。【古义】思想意识的活动(中性)。
56．事急而不断，祸至无日矣! (《赤壁之战》)
无日——【今义】不知还有多少时候，很久；【古义】不久。
57．①旦日，卒中往往语…… (《陈涉世家》)
②春江花朝秋月夜，往往取酒还独倾。 (《琵琶行》)
往往——【今义】常常；【古义】①处处。②时常，常常。
58．如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉 (《鸿门宴》)
鱼肉——【今义】鱼的肉；【古义】鱼和肉，意为被欺凌的对象(名词)。
59．①天子春秋鼎盛。（《治安策》）
②蝼蛄不知春秋。（《庄子逍遥游》）
春秋——【今义】①夏季、秋季；②时代名称；【古义】①年龄。②一年。
60．先生可留意矣 (《中山狼传》)
留意——【今义】当心，注意；【古义】考虑。
61．①先生举手击狼 (《中山狼传》)
②举手长劳劳，二情同依依。 (《孔雀东南飞》)；
举手——【今义】表赞同，或要求发言时的动作；【古义】①动手。②告别时的动作。
62．国事至此，予不得爱身，意北亦尚可以口舌动也。 (《指南录后序》)
口舌——【今义】由说话引起的是非、争吵；【古义】口和舌，指说话。
63．今海内为一，土地人民之众，不避汤禹。 (《论贵粟疏》)
不避——【今义】不躲开；【古义】不次于。
64．宁可致意耶? (《柳毅传》)
致意——【今义】表示问候；【古义】把自己的心意表达于人。
65．①其存君兴国而欲反复之，一篇之中，三致志焉。 (《屈原列传》)
②重念蒙君实现遇厚，于反复不宜卤莽，故今具道所以。(《答司马谏议书》)
反复——【今义】重复；【古义】①扭转形势。②书信往返。
66．然皆祖屈原之从容辞令，终莫敢直谏。 (《屈原列传》)
从容——【今义】不慌不忙；【古义】文采华丽，纵横华丽的言辞。
67．倒也便宜。 (《林黛玉进贾府》)
便宜——【今义】物品价格低；【古义】方便。
68．最喜小儿无赖，溪头卧剥莲蓬。 (辛弃疾《清平乐》)。
无赖——【今义】流氓；刁钻泼辣，无理取闹；【古义】活泼好玩。
69．吾祖死了早，吾父死于是。 (《捕蛇者说》)
于是——【今义】承接连词；【古义】在此。
70．吾状之行为士先者，为之声义。 (《五人墓碑记》)
行为——【今义】举动；【古义】行，品行；为，做。
71．虎见之，庞然大物也，以为神。 (《黔之驴》)
以为——【今义】认为 【古义】以，把；为，当做
72．属予作文以记之。 (《岳阳楼记》)
作文——【今义】语文课里写文章的练习；【古义】写文章。

古今异义词 古汉语中有大量古今字形相同而意义用法不同的词，即古今异义词。
如：“太丘舍去”中的“去”，古义是“离开”，后来演变为“到某地去”。
这类词语在阅读文言文时要加以注意。
词汇的发展,体现在实词上,最显著的就是词义的古今变化。古今词义的差别，因其演变情形的不同，大致有如下几种：
词义扩大
如，“水由地中行，江、淮、河、汉是也”（《孟子》）中的“江”“河”与“淮”“汉”并列，指“长江”和“黄河”。“江”和“河”在古代是专有名词，现在扩大为用于泛指的通名了。又如“是女子不好......得更求好女”（《西门豹治邺》）的“好”，专指女子相貌好看，不涉及品德。而现在的“好”可泛指一切美好的性质，对人、事、物都可以修饰限制。
词义缩小
如，“金就砺则利”（《荀子·劝学》）中的“金”原泛指一切金属，现在专指黄金。又如，“瓦”古代泛指一切陶制品，现代只把“一种铺盖屋顶的建筑材料”称为“瓦”。
词义转移
有的词古今词义差别很大，词义发生了转移，即由表示甲事物变为表示乙事物了。如，“烈士暮年，壮心不已”（《龟虽寿》）中的“烈士”，本指有操守有抱负的男子，现在则专指为革命事业献身的人；“哭泣无涕，中心不戚”（《庄子》）中的“涕”指眼泪，现转移为“鼻涕”了；再如，“闻”，本指听见，是听觉，现一般指“嗅觉”。
感情色彩变化
如，“先帝不以臣卑鄙”（《出师表》）中的“卑”是指地位低下，“鄙”是指知识浅陋，并没有贬义，现在的“卑鄙”则指品质恶劣，已变为贬义词。
名称说法改变
文言中某些事物的称呼，在现代汉语中已换成另一种说法。只在某些特定的场合或固定短语中还保留着。如成语“目不识丁”现在已改用“眼睛”一词；“寡不敌众”中的“寡”现在已改用“少”字。
词义弱化
如,“很”，古义是凶狠，表示的程度很高，很深，现在表示的程度不怎么高深。“怨”，古义表示仇恨、怀恨，现在表示埋怨、责备。
词义强化
如,“恨”，古代表示遗憾、不满的意思，今天表示仇恨、怀恨。“诛”，最初只是责备之意，后来强化为“杀戮”的意思。
古褒今贬
如,“爪牙”古时指武臣或得力助手，属于褒义，如韩愈《与凤翔邢尚书书》：“今阁下为王爪牙，为国藩垣。”。而现代汉语中的“爪牙”则是“比喻坏人的党羽和帮凶”，为贬义。
如,“明哲保身”古时指通达事理，洞见时势，善于避威就安，适应环境，是褒义词，如《诗经·大雅·烝民》：“既明且哲，以保其身”而现代汉语中的“明哲保身”指不坚持原则，只顾自己的处世态度，为贬义。
如,“浑浑噩噩”古时用来形容人浑厚严正，为褒义，如杨雄《法言·问神》：“虞夏之书浑浑尔，……周书噩噩尔。”句中的“浑浑”是“浑厚”的意思，“噩噩”是“严肃”的意思。现代汉语中则用来形容人浑浊无知，愚昧糊涂，为贬义。
如：“卑鄙”古义：地位低，见识浅。今义：品德低，含贬。例：《出师表》：“先帝不以臣卑鄙”。
古贬今褒
如,“乖”古时指偏执，不驯顺，为贬义，如《林黛玉进贾府》：“行为偏僻性乖张。”而现代汉语中则用来形容人听话，安顺。
如,“锻炼”其本义为“冶炼”，古时多用来指玩弄法律，罗织罪名，对人进行诬陷，属于贬义，如《后汉书·韦彪传》：“忠孝之人持心近后，锻炼之吏持心近薄。”而现代汉语中则指通过体育运动是身体强壮，培养勇敢机智的品德，或通过生产劳动和工作实践来提高素质和能力，变

回答者： 怺恒dē