高手帮帮忙翻译成英文

建筑摆脱了遮风避雨这一最基本的原始功能以后,它就与美学结上了不解之缘。在保证功能需要的前提下,如何把房屋盖得更好看,成为建筑师的主要追求。建筑美学的基本特征就表现在技术与艺术的结合。因此建筑的艺术属性在国际上早已形成公论。在欧洲,“艺术”或“美术”这一概念向来就包括绘画、雕塑、建筑这三大门类。
这个问题不在于建筑中有没有包含审美要素,而是对艺术的追求。我们中国建筑两千多年来只对一种形式和风格进行了追求,并使之达到极致。但我们在这方面所表现出的毅力和所投入的智慧的总量而言,我们是不如西方人的。这可以从以下几点来看:第一,从建筑物所投入的时间和力量来看,我们的大型建筑在古代一般只花几年、十几年,而人家一般须花几十年,甚至几百年!其中有名的如圣·彼得大教堂前后花了121年;巴黎圣母院经历了139年;科隆大教堂甚至断续搞了600余年!最具可比性的是新建的北京西客站和刚刚竣工的柏林火车站,二者都号称本洲之最,但我们仅用了不到三年的时间,而柏林火车站却整整用了11年!我想这一现象显然还包含着艺术意识乃至人文观念的差异问题。第二,从建筑师的地位与影响来看,我们的古代建筑师被载入史册的很少很少,能被老百姓叫出名字来的更少。而欧洲的老百姓,谁不知道米开朗基罗、贝尔尼尼、辛克尔、赖特、格罗皮乌斯……我国自己编写的《中国大百科全书》被单独列为词条的中国建筑师一共只有16名,其中古代的占8名。这8名中,只有1名有生卒年,两名只有生年,而不知他们的卒年。可这两人分别是我国重要建筑理论著作《营造法式》和《木经》的作者!更甚者另5名生卒年都不详!而这5人中多数都是明清时期的,而且都亲自主持建造了明陵和故宫等一系列宏伟建筑。这与同一部辞书收录的中国其他文艺门类的人物词条相比,真是天渊之别!如中国古代文学家在这部辞书中被单独列为词条的约有1050余位;中国古代美术家被单独收入的有300多位。第三,从建筑理论的总结、建设与影响来看,上面说过,人家的建筑理论书籍在诞生的时间上比我们早得多,内容上丰富得多,理论上完备得多,国际上的影响也大得多。我们的古代建筑理论书籍在国外被用于教科书的还没有听说过。第四,从统治者的意向来看,从来都是强调功能而忽视艺术。尤其在古代,有的帝王还提倡过“卑宫菲食”、“茅茨不剪”。统治者也愿意节俭,当然不是坏事,但这种重“善”轻“美”的倾向对于建筑的发展却不是好事。当时的思想家也不例外,例如墨子,他认为建筑只要挡风避雨、隔离男女就行了。孔子教授的“六艺”中就不包括建筑。我国的帝王们为了权力和享受需要宏大的宫殿或豪华的园林,但对建筑本身,几乎没有人表现出过特别的兴趣。三千年前古埃及拉伽什国王亲自顶砖参加奠基;看一下前23世古第亚国王的雕像,他的膝盖上放着一张建筑设计图,说明建筑在他的心目中有着何等的地位!古罗马皇帝奥古斯都曾自豪地说:“我接手的是砖头的罗马,我留下的是大理石的罗马”。大凡西方国家的帝王们,在他们当朝时期,往往要请他认为当代最杰出的建筑师为他留下一座甚至几座建筑纪念碑或艺术陈列馆。相比之下,我们的古代帝王们在这方面就不可同日而语了。统治者的这种倾向势必要影响到他们的子民,无怪乎直到现在我们的建筑师队伍中还有人顽强地否认建筑的艺术属性。第五,从宗教建筑与世俗建筑的比较看,在西方,艺术成就最高的建筑是教堂和庙宇,而在中国,最辉煌的建筑却是皇宫和皇陵。耐人寻味的是,世界上凡是皇家建筑远远超过宗教建筑的国家,后来都衰落了:造了金字塔的埃及,造了泰姬陵的印度以及造了大明宫、故宫的中国。

第1个回答  2019-07-15
Although
we
were
very
happy
with
eight-day
holiday,
a
huge
amount
of
homework
made
me
feel
a
bit disappointed.
自己亲自写的
第2个回答  2020-03-21
The
eight-day
holiday,
we
have
a
lot
of
fun,
but
the
homework
is
a
lot,
so
I
think
some
spoilsport
第3个回答  2019-04-03
Eight
days
holiday,
we
are
very
happy,
but
the
operation
is
a
lot
of,
let
me
feel
a
little
disappointed.
第4个回答  2020-04-04
Eight
days
holiday,
we
are
very
happy,
but
the
job
was
a
lot,
so
I
feel
a
little
disappointed
第5个回答  2020-07-07
we
have
an
eight
day's
vacation.we
are
very
happy
,but
our
homework
is

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