公路、桥梁工程专业英语翻译

Question

Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials.
Civil engineering projects are almost always unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies.
Many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field, work in design. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. In designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms. Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systems engineer who is in charge of the entire project. In many cases, engineers from other disciplines are involved. In a dam project, for example, electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the powerhouse and its equipment. In other cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field; in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities.
Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects, it involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible. Safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase.
Much of the work of civil engineers is carried on outdoors, often in rugged and difficult terrain or under dangerous conditions. Surveying is an outdoor occupation, for example, and dams are often built in wild river valleys or gorges. Bridges, tunnels, and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. In addition, the wor must also progress under all kinds of weather conditions.

如果有朋友愿意帮忙希望能是人工翻译
谢谢
The prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her **.
刚才打不下了,这里还有最后一句

Answer 1

Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials.
调查研究是科学技术其中最重要的一个方面。一名研究人员通常作为团队的一员，与其他科学家和工程师共同研究。他或她往往是受雇于某个实验室或研究所，其经费通常由政府或某个行业提供。研究领域涉及土木工程，包括土力学及土壤加固技术等，并涉及到结构新材料的开发和试验。
Civil engineering projects are almost always unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies.
土木工程项目几乎都是独一无二的，也就是说，每一个都有其自身存在的问题和设计特点。因此，要认真研究每个特定的项目，甚至在设计工作开始前就开始研究。研究内容包括调查、测量拟定项目现场的地形和地下土质。还要考虑到可能的备选方案，比如是选择混凝土重力坝还是选择填土筑堤大坝。对于每个可选的方案都要衡量其牵涉到的经济因素。当前在研究中还要充分考虑该项目的建设对环境的影响。在做项目的可行性研究时，一个团队通常由许多专业的工程师组成，包括测量工程师，土力学专家，设计和施工专家等等。
Many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field, work in design. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. In designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms. Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systems engineer who is in charge of the entire project. In many cases, engineers from other disciplines are involved. In a dam project, for example, electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the powerhouse and its equipment. In other cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field; in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities.
许多土木工程师参与设计工作，他们中间不乏行业内的顶尖专家。正如我们所看到的，土木工程师的工作牵涉到很多不同种类的建筑物，所以各行如隔山，每个领域都有其精通的专家，专门从事某一类研究。在建筑物的设计中，这些工程师往往担任某个建筑或安装公司的顾问。大坝，桥梁，供水系统，以及其他大型工程项目通常聘请一些工程师，他们的工作由一个负责整个项目的系统工程师统一协调管理。在很多情况下，其他专业领域的工程师也会参与到项目中。例如，在大坝项目中，电气及机械工程师会参与到发电厂房及动力设备的设计中去。另外土木工程师还会被安排到另一些领域区工作，如太空开发计划，在设计和建造一些结构如火箭发射架和储存设施时，土木工程师就有必要参与其中的设计和建设。
Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects, it involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible. Safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase.
对于几乎所有的工程项目来说，施工都是一个极其复杂的过程，它涉及到工期的组织计划，设备和材料的合理使用，目的使建设成本越低越好。还必须考虑到安全因素，由于施工是很危险的。因此许多土木工程师专门深入研究施工阶段。
Much of the work of civil engineers is carried on outdoors, often in rugged and difficult terrain or under dangerous conditions. Surveying is an outdoor occupation, for example, and dams are often built in wild river valleys or gorges. Bridges, tunnels, and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. In addition, the work must also progress under all kinds of weather conditions.
土木工程师的许多工作在户外进行的，他们常常在崎岖不平的复杂地形甚至危险情况下。测量也是一个室外专业，例如，大坝往往是建于激流河谷活峡谷中。桥梁，隧道，以及摩天大厦的施工场所也充满危险。此外，工程必须在不可避免的各种气候条件下进行。
The prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her **.
未来的土木工程师们应该清醒意识到这种工作对他们（或她们）的体质要求。

God，终于搞完了！

Answer 2

研究是其中一个最重要的方面是科学和工程实践。研究者通常工程作为一个共产党员的一队，与其他的科学家和工程师。他或她往往是受雇从事实验室的经费是由政府或行业。研究领域涉及土木工程，包括土力学及土壤稳定技术，并研制和试验新的结构材料。
土木工程项目几乎都是独一无二的;也就是说，每一个都有其自身存在的问题和设计特点。因此，认真研究，是考虑到每个项目，甚至以前的设计工作开始。研究内容包括一项调查，这两个地形和底土的特点拟议用地。它还包括一个考虑可能的替代材料，比如作为混凝土重力坝或填土路堤大坝。经济因素参与的每一项可能的选择也必须加以权衡。今天，在研究通常包括审议该项目对环境的影响。许多工程师，通常是一组包括测量师，专家，在土力学，专家们在设计和施工中，涉及在作出上述可行性研究。
许多民间工程师，其中最高的人在外地，在工作中的设计。正如我们所看到的，土木工程师的工作在很多不同种类的建筑物，所以这是正常的做法，为一名工程师，专门从事一类。在设计建筑物，工程师往往担任顾问，以建筑或建筑公司。水坝，桥梁，供水系统，以及其他大型工程项目通常雇用几个工程师，他们的工作是协调，由一个系统工程师，他们是负责整个项目。在许多情况下，工程师，从其他学科，涉及的。在一个水坝项目，例如，电气及机械工程师的工作，对设计的厂房及设备。在另一些情况下，民间的工程师被分配到工作的一个项目，在另一场;在太空计画，例如，土木工程师，有必要的设计和建造这种结构作为发射架和火箭弹的储存设施。
建设是一个复杂的过程，对几乎所有的工程项目，它涉及到调度工作，并利用设备和材料，使成本保持在尽可能低的。安全因素，还必须考虑到，由于施工可以是很危险的。许多民间工程师，因此专门在施工阶段。
许多工作的土木工程师，是进行户外工作时，经常在崎岖不平的地形困难或危险情况下。测量是一个室外占领，例如，和水坝往往是建于野生江河流域或三峡。桥梁，隧道，以及摩天大厦正在施工的，可也很危险的地方工作。此外，林业也必须取得进展，根据各种气候条件。
准土木工程师应该知道的身体要求会作出对他或她

回答者： maxitang - 同进士出身 六级
谁是机翻，我教大学本科老师还不会，我翻译了很久，才翻到的，我不允许你侮辱我的指挥。

Answer 3

研究工作是科学与工程实践中最重要的一个方面。研究人员通常作为团队的一员与其他科学家和工程师一起工作。他或她通常受雇于一家政府或行业资助的实验室。与土木工程相关的研究领域包括土壤力学和土壤加固技术，也包括新型建筑材料的开发与试验。

土木工程项目几乎都是独一无二的，也就是说，每个工程都有自己的问题和设计特点。因此，甚至在设计工作开始以前，每个项目都被仔细研究过。研究包括预选地点的地形和地基特征调查。它还包括考虑可能的替代方案，比如混领土重力坝或填土堤坝。每个可能替代方案涉及的经济因素也必须予以衡量。目前，这种研究通常还包括对项目环境影响的考虑。通过一个包含了测量人员、土壤力学专家和设计与施工专家在内的工作团队，许多工程师都参与了这类可行性研究。

许多土建工程师，其中有些属于行业内顶尖的专家，都参与设计。正如我们已经看到的那样，土建工程师参与各种不同的建筑，因此通常的惯例是一个工程师只专攻一类建筑。在设计建筑物的过程中，工程师们通常充当建筑设计或施工单位的顾问。大坝、桥梁、供水系统和其他大型项目通常雇佣数名工程师，其工作由一名负责整个项目的系统工程师进行协调。许多情况下还涉及其他领域的工程师。比如，在大坝项目上，电力和机械工程师参与电站及其设备的设计。在其他情况下，土建工程师被安排参与其他领域的项目。比如，在太空项目上需要土建工程师设计和建造发射平台和火箭保存设施之类的建筑物。

在几乎所有的工程项目中，施工都是一个复杂的过程，它涉及工作的安排和设备与材料的利用以保证成本尽可能低。安全因素也必须考虑，因为施工可能非常危险。因此，许多土建工程师也专攻施工过程。

土建工程师的工作大量是在户外、通常是在崎岖不平非常困难的地形和危险的条件下完成的。比如，测量是一项户外职业，大坝通常建在荒凉的山谷或峡谷地带。在建的桥梁、隧道和摩天大楼也是危险的工作区域。而且，不管天气条件如何，工作还得向前推进。

未来的土建工程师必须清楚对他或她的身体条件方面的要求。

Answer 4

新的桥梁施工:桥梁结构完全用玻璃钢复合材料(主要是为行人天桥);混凝土桥梁加固、玻璃钢--FRP-rebar包混凝土桩或吊架,和外部玻璃钢电缆停留;保护或二级结构体系;等等。
支撑钢LDF脉。结果表明,该条带法中指定的规格(AASHTO
LRFD
AASHTO)作为一种近似于2004年的分析方法也可以应用到非传统的FRP甲板作为一种实践

Answer 5

这么长的问题这对大家不公平！