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什么是主语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、表语从句?
怎么区分?怎么用?

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
  连词(5个):that (宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略)
  whether,if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)
  as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”)
  以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
  连接代词(9个):what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever
  连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however
  不可省略的连词:
  1. 介词后的连词
  2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
  That she was chosen made us very happy.
  We heard the news that our team had won.
比较
  whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,只可用whether:
  1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
  eg:whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic
  2. 引导表语从句
  eg:The question is whether we can get in touch with her
  3. whether从句作介词宾语
  eg:I am thinking about whether I should quit my present job
  4.if与whether都可以与or not 连用,但后面紧跟or not 时只能用whether
  we didn't know whether or not she was ready.(此时只能用whether)
  I wonder whether/if the news is true or not.(此时则二者都可以用)
  5. 引导同位语从句
  Whether he will come is not clear.
  大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。
  It is not important who will go.
  It is still unknown which team will win the match.
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二. 主语从句

  作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由下列词引导:
  1)从属连词that,whether 等;
  2)连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom 等;
  3) 连接副词how,when,where,why 等。
  that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。注:whom、who指人,what指物,whatever,whoever表示泛指意义。例如:
  What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
  Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
  It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
  Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
  有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
  (1)It is+ 名词 + that从句
  (2)It is + 形容词 + that从句
  (3)It is + 动词的过去分词+ 主语从句
  (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
  另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
  It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
  It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
  
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三、宾语从句

  名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
  1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
  由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
  He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
  We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
  注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
  I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
  The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
  2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
  I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
  She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
  She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
  3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
  a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
  Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
  Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
  I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
  Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
  4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
  不同时态。例如:
  I know (that) he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
  I know (that) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
  I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
  I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
  当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
  The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
  5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
  We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
  I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
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四、表语从句

  在复合句中,位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
  The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
  That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
  This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
  That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
  It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
  需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
  The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
  【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
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五、同位语从句

  同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
  The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
  I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
  The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
  同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
  that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
  试比较下面两个例句:
  I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
  Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
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六、名词性that-从句

  (1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
  主语:That she is still alive is her luck. 她还活着全靠运气。
  宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
  表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
  同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
  近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
  形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
  你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
  2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
  It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。
  It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
  用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
  a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
  It is necessary that… 有必要……
  It is important that… 重要的是……
  It is obvious that… 很明显……
  b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
  It is believed that… 人们相信……
  It is known to all that… 众所周知……
  It has been decided that… 已决定……
  c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
  It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
  It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
  It is a fact that… 事实是……
  d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
  It appears that… 似乎……
  It happens that… 碰巧……
  It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
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七、名词性wh-从句

  1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
  主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
  直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
  间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize. 
  俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
  表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
  宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
  同位语: I have no idea when he will return. 
  我不知道他什么时候回来。
  形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
  介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go. 
  那取决于我们去哪儿。
  2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
  It is not yet decided who will do that job. 
  还没决定谁做这项工作。
  It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
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八、if, whether引导的名词从句

1)yes-no型疑问从句
  从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 例如:
  主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有待证实。
  宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
  表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
  同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
  形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
  介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2)选择性疑问从句
  选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,例如:
  Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
  I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
  if和whether的区别:
  1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如:
  例8 I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
  2、 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如:
  例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
  3 、在介词后,只能用whether。如:
  例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
  4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether 。如:
  Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的,我真的不知道。
  (例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。--此例为主语从句,有误,感谢指出)
  5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如:
  例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ?
  这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether可避免歧义.
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第1个回答  2012-05-21
定语从句,作用相当于名词,通常由 that (既用余物又可用于人),which(一般只用来指物),who/whom(只用于指人)
e.g. I deserve more than the grade that/which I have been given.
The girl who is giggling over there is a beauty if her head were sacked.

宾语从句,相当于名词做宾语,由that引导,也可由连接代词或连接副词,还有what
e.g. We suspended that it was a trick to get our money.
Only you can decide who is the best chioce.
Tell me what you are thinking ahout the plan.

状语从句,作用相当于副词,是最复杂的一类从句,在句中的位置比较灵活,具体的引导词要根据不同类型的状语从句来定.
具体有以下几类:
1.时间状语从句,可由when,after,before,till(untill),since (这些是比较常用的)等来引导,有时状语从句也可以不由引导词来引导,而直接跟在一些表时间,频率的副词后.
e.g. When she pressed the button the lift stopped.
I have had another baby since I saw last time.
The boy didn't go to sleep untill his Dad came back.
I found the letter long after he had gone away.

主语从句:简单地说就是一个句子是主语。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。例句:What I say is right.我说的都是对的。如果是动词作主语的话要加上to或者-ing。

宾语从句:在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which(指事),who(指人)。
例句:The teacher told the children that the sun is round.这里需要注意时态。因为太阳是圆的是不可争的事实,所以主句的动词用is。
还有就是注意虚拟语气。

定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,绝对没有what;关系副词有where, when, why等。that引导的定于从句要跟同位语从句要区分。定于从句记住一定是要做成分的,而同位语从句不做成分。
eg:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

状语从句可分为:时间状语从句;地点状语从句;原因状语从句;条件状语从句;目的状语从句;让步状语从句;比较状语从句;方式状语从句;结果状语从句。状语的位置比较灵活,可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。
eg:While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.时间状语从句

表语从句:用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。表语从句一定要用陈述语序。不可以用if,而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外)。位于句首时要用whether。that在表语从句中不可以省掉。
eg:The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

同位语从句是名词性从句中的主要从句之一,它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility等。引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,whether,连接副词 how,when,where等。(注:if,which 不能引导同位语从句。)
eg:He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。

参考资料:求助得到

第2个回答  2012-05-21
首先要了解什么是句子,所谓句子,可以认为,有主语有谓语就是句子。
比如,很简单的:I do.就是一个句子。而其中的谓语可以有宾语,亦可以没有。
比如i eat. i have an apple.就是一个有宾语一个没有,但都是句子。
复杂的句子 当然还有很多其他的成分,如:定语和状语。所以句子的基本成分
有主语,谓语,同位语,谓语中可以有的宾语,以及就是宾语和主语的定语,还有修饰谓语的
状语。
下面可以说从句了。如果句子中的某个成分被一个句子代替,那么这个句子就叫复合句,或复杂句,其中作为一个成分的句叫从句。
做定语的从句教定语从句,做宾语的从句教宾语从句。依此类对,除了无谓语从句,
几乎每个成分都对应着一种从句。
另外,你给的悬赏分太少了。所以我只是略略说明一下,要详细说明的话多给点
第3个回答  2012-05-21
状语从句:
用一个句子(从句)来作另一个句子(主句)的状语,用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。例如:条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。
状语从句的分类:
(1)时间状语从句
凡是从句都必须有引导词,引导时间状语从句的词有when,before,after,until,as soon as,while 等。
(2)条件状语从句
主要看一下由if引导的条件状语从句。if 意为“如果”,引导条件状语从句时,表示假如有从句的动作发生就(不)会有主句的动作发生。例如:
If it doesn't rain tomorrow,we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨,我们就骑自行车去那里。
If I get there early,I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里,我就可以快点看病。
3)地点状语从句用法要点
常用where(哪里)和wherever(无论哪里)eg.
Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。
We will go wherever the motherland need us most. 我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。
(4)原因状语从句用法要点
常用的引导连词有because,as和since,三者的区别是:在回答问题的时候,使用because;对于显而易见的原因,常用as或since;as和since的从句常放在主句之前,而because的从句常放在主句之后。eg.
Why did you go? I went because Tom told me to go. 你为何去?那是因为汤姆叫我去。
He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise.
他很生气不是因为我们来迟了,而是因为我们弄出了声音。
As it was raining hard,we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大,我们只好呆在家里。
Since you feel ill,you'd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服,你最好不要去上班了。
(5)目的状语从句用法要点
常用的引导连词有so that,that和in order that译为:以便,为了,目的是。eg.
Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes. 请讲慢一点,以便我们能作详细笔记。
I shall write down your address that I may not forget. 我要把你的地址记下来,以免忘记。
I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出,以便他能及时收到。
注:目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。eg.
We work harder than usual finish it in a week. 我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周内完成工作。
三、主句与从句时态一致的问题。
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分下列两种情况:
1. 若主句是祈使句,或主句中有情态动词,或主句中谓语动词是一般将来时,那么从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如:
Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。
Put up your hand if you have any questions to ask. 如果你们有问题要问的话,请举手。
The traffic must stop when the lights are red. 红灯亮时,车辆必须停下。
2. 若主从句谓语动词都是陈述过去,那么主从句都可以用一般过去时。例如:
She could sing when she was four years old. 她四岁的时候就会唱歌。

宾语从句:
宾语从句是用来充当宾语成分的句子。其构成为"引导词+主语+谓语+其它",其语序是陈述句语序。引导宾语从句的连接词很多,多有实在意义,称为有意连词;that也可以引导宾语从句,但本身没有实在意义,称为无意连词。

1.that引导的宾语从句可以作动词、形容词等的宾语。主句中常见的谓语动词有say, know, hear, see, hope, think, believe, write, tell等。系动词加形容词afraid, worried, sure等后,也可用that引导的宾语从句。
如:I hope that he will come back soon. 我希望他能快点回来。
2.在由that引导的宾语从句中,由于连词that只起引导功能,无具体意义,不作句子成分, 因此在口语或非正式文体中常可省略,省略之后不影响原句性质和意义。
3.由that引导的宾语从句中的时态,通常分三种情况:若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,宾语从句可根据具体情况选用时态;若主句是过去时,从句一般用相应的过去时态;若从句表示的是客观真理、名言、自然现象等,从句时态不受主句限制。
4.主句若是I/We think (believe, guess, suppose, imagine...)时,后面的宾语从句若要表示否定概念时,一般应将否定词not 转移到主句的谓语中。
如:I don't think (that) you are right. 我认为你不对。
5.含that宾语从句的复合句在变成反意疑问句时,如果主句的谓语动词为think,believe, guess, suppose, imagine等且主语是第一人称时,附加疑问部分要由从句决定;反之,附加疑问部分由主句决定。
如:I don't think that he can answer this question, can he?我认为他答不出这个问题,不是吗?

定语从句:
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等

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