介绍张衡英文版

Question

给个用英文介绍张衡的，包括出生，出身地和成就。无比感谢.等着救命呢！！~~ ^^

Answer 1

Character synopsis
Open the graduated arm (78-139), character even child, westNanyang Hubei (now Henan Nanyang County Shiqiaozhen) person. He is theour country Eastern Han Dynasty time great astronomer, has made theindelible contribution for our country astronomy development; Inaspect and so on mathematics, geography, drawing and literature, ZhangHengye displayed extraordinary ability and the vast knowledge.

Zhang Heng is one of representative personages which the Eastern HanDynasty intermediate stage muddy day said; He pointed out Moon itselfand nonluminous, the moonlight actually is the sunlight reflection; Healso correctly explained origin, and realized with is away fromthe Earth far and near relations to the universe infinity and theplanetary motion speed.

Open the graduated arm observation record 2,500 stars, formulated inthe world first to be able quite accurately to perform the celestialphenomenon the water leakage to transfer the armillary sphere, firsttest earthquake instrument - seismograph, but also made thesouth-pointing chariot, the automatic recording drum, flew in numberof lines wooden bird and so on.

Zhang Henggong is having the science, the philosophy, and literaturework 32, astronomy work has "Spirit Constitution" and "SpiritConstitution Chart" and so on.

For commemorate Zhang Heng the merit, the people at the back of aMoon's crater will name as "the graduated arm crater", 1,802 will namethe planetoid as "the graduated arm planetoid".

The 20th century China renowned writers, historian Guo Moruo to openthe graduated arm the appraisal is: "Character of the so full scaledevelopment, is also rare in the world history, ten thousand offerssacrifice to thousand ages, makes one admire."
The later generation calls Zhang Hengwei wooden saint (branch saint).Zhang Hengzi even child. West Nanyang county Hubei county (now HenanNanyang) person. The Eastern Han Dynasty constructs the third day year(the A.D. 78 years) to live; The Yonghe four years (the A.D. 139years) died. Astronomy, mechanical technology, seismography.

"Graduated arm Biography"
Zhang Hengchuan (stems from Fan Ye "Historical Records of theEastern Han dynasty")
Original text:
Open the graduated arm, the character even child, west Nanyang theHubei person. Weighs little friendly composes a piece of prosewriting, swims to three auxiliary, because enters the Beijingteachers, observes Imperial College, then passes the Five Classics,passes through the six arts. Although highly talented to world, butwas not arrogant still the sentiment. Calm is often quiescent, notgood connects with wants the person. Forever in the Yuan, will lift is not good, including will ward off not. When the worldwill be peaceful in the course of time, from nobility below none whodoes not exceed extravagant. The graduated arm is draws up Ban Gu "TwoAll" to make "Two Beijing To bestow on", because of by 讽谏. Theessence thinks , ten years are become. General Deng Zhiqi itstalent, tiredly summons not to be supposed.
Weighs friendly is ingenious, You Zhi thinks to the astronomymasculine and feminine elements almanac. An Diya wen Hengshan thetechnique study, the public vehicle characteristic does obeisance thedoctor of Chinese medicine, again moves for the Taishi command. Thenis the masculine and feminine elements, the wonderfulcompletely fine jade machine, makes the armillary sphere, "SpiritConstitution", "Was calculating Deceives Discusses", word really
Along the beginning of the emperor, the extension turns round againfor the Taishi command. Weighs does not admire the present age,occupies the official always not change residence error 1778.From goes to the history duty, five years duplicate also.
The positive fine first year, duplicate makes the seismograph. To therefined copper casts, the diameter eight feet, gather the lid to stickout, take the form of the liquor to revere, play the part of shape ofby the seal script tortoise birds and beasts. Center has all thecolumn, approaches line of eight, Shi Guanfa machine. Outside haseight dragons, a title, gets down has the toad, open hornmouthpiece it. His/her the tooth ingenious system, all hides inrevering, the cover is thorough If has reveresinspires the dragon, machine sends spits the pill, but the toad holdsit. Inspires the sound to encourage therefore sense knowledge.Although Long Faji, but seven motionless, seeks its aspect, is theknowledge shakes is at. Examines it by the matter, gathers theagreement if god. Records from the book standard, has not had. TastesLong Jifa but unconsciously to move, the Beijing teacher scholar saltyblames it not to draft. Latter on severalth post to, fruit earthquakeLongxi, thereupon all takes its is wonderful. From now on after, isrecorded the official historian from the side.
When the politics gradually damage, the power moves to under, weighsbecause submits a memorial to the throne the Chen matter. ... ...
Initially, light Wu Shanchen, and reveals the ancestor, austere ZongYinzu states . Since resurgence, the Confucian scholar strugglestudy chart latitude, concurrently duplicate attaches by the evilwords. Weighs is fabricated by the chart latitude, law of the non-sage, is submits a memorial to the throne. ... ...
Latter moves waits on, the emperor directs in the army tent about,satirizes discusses. Tastes asked weighs the world Theofficials fear it to destroy the oneself, all altogether item it, thegraduated arm is craftily to. Castrates the vertical stroke to fearthe end for its trouble, then altogether slanders it.
Weighs Chang Situ matter of the body, thought the good and bad fortunedepends on, faint is difficult to be bright. Is does "ThinksUnreliable Tax" to proclaim expresses feelings the will. ... ...
At the beginning of Yonghe, leaves is between the river. When kingarrogant is extravagant, does not obey the standard constitution; Alsoare many 豪右, altogether is illegal. The graduated arm alights,governs the dignity, the entire law, the cloudy knowledge deceitfulparty name, receives the birds and beasts for a while, about with deepveneration, is called the political principle. Regards the matter forthree years, submits a written statement drafts doesobeisance Shangshu. The year 62, the Yonghe four years died.
"周官 Explanations of words in ancient books", Cui Yuan was thinkingcannot have is at variance with the various Confucians. Also wants tocontinue Kong Zi "To be easy" to say "彖", "Likely" incomplete,unexpectedly cannot. The poem, the tax, the inscription,seven-syllable, "Spirit Constitution", "Should Idle", "Seven Debates","Patrols Informs", "Hangs Chart" every 32.

Character's history
Open the graduated arm family background to the famous familyprominent family. His/her grandfather Zhang Kanzi the small will highenergetically puts into practice, by the person is the child prodigy,once million gave handed down in the family Yu Caishu he the nephew.After light Wu Dideng the base Zhang Kanshou recommends does obeisancethe official. Once no matter what punitive expeditionestablishes a separatist regime Suchuan county Gongsun for the Suchuancounty along with big Sima the Wu to state, stands has the greatmerit. After that commands troops resists Hsiungnu to have the merit,does obeisance is positive (nearby now Beijing) for the fishing Once defeated the Hsiungnu 10,000 cavalry soldiers byseveral thousand cavalry soldiers. Hereafter Hsiungnu has not dared inhis tenure in office to invade again. He teaches the people tocultivate, opens the rice paddy 8,000 area units, the people from thisbecomes rich. Therefore, has the ballad to eulogize him to say: "Mr.Zhang is a politics, is overjoyed." Zhang Kanwei the official isincorruptible. Cuts down when Suchuan he first attacks into Chengdu,but he states the treasure to Gongsun which stays behind piles up notto take. The Suchuan county is known as the day government office, butZhang Kan in to Suchuan county no matter what time ridesis a broken vehicle, carries only has a volume cotton clothing pouch.
Zhang Hengxiang his grandfather is same, from small assiduouslystudies, has the literary talent very much. 16 years old later oncewill leave to study away from home the hometown to the outside areas.He first arrived then academic cultural center three auxiliary (areanow Shaanxi Xi'an). This local grand mountains and rivers and thegrand the Qin and Han Dynasty ancient capital ruins have provided therich literature creation source material to him. Later arrived EasternHan Dynasty capital Luoyang. In the there, he has entered then highestschool - Imperial College, has known a young scholar Cui tieswith him for the good friend. Cui Yuan was then after the scientist,the astronomer Jia Kui student, also was skilled in knowledge and soon astronomy, calendar, mathematics. With the emperor forever a Yuan12 year (the A.D. 100 years) Zhang Hengying inviting of the Nanyang Baud, has been him governs the desk job. After 8 yearsBaud is transferred to a new post the Beijing teachers, Zhang Hengjiresigns from office the home. In Nanyang period he devotes toknowledge and so on discussion astronomy, masculine and feminineelements, almanac, and repeatedly studies the Western Han Dynasty toraise male "Too Unreliably after". He has brought to the Chinese AnDi's attention in these aspects reputations. Forever fifth day theyear (the A.D. 111 years) a graduated arm is recruited goes to thecapital, does obeisance for the doctor of Chinese medicine.
Yuan Chu first year (the A.D. 114 years) moves the Shangshu courtattendant. Next year, will move the Taishi command. Later once wastransferred to a new post his duty, after but 5 years turn round forthe Taishi command. Around the grand total no matter what this dutyreaches for 14 years long time, open the graduated arm manysignificant research all is completes in this stage. (The A.D. 133years) rise along the emperor positive fine two years for to wait on.But soon receives the officials to push aside stabs, first year (theA.D. 136 years) adjusts outside Beijing to Yonghe, no matter whatbetween river Wang Liu Zheng. Liu Zheng is the person whichoverbearing luxurious, does not defend the central statute book, placemany powerful bullies and he for is altogether illegal. After open thegraduated arm to assume a post the orderly law and discipline, theattack powerful bullies about, causes with deep veneration. After 3years, he to is suitable on the emperor the table to request toretire, but the royal government actually drafts does obeisance him isShangshu. This matter quite has the fishy, because Shangshu'sgovernment position far is lower than waits on or, whether he issubject to duty, the history does not carry On in this year (theYonghe four years, namely the A.D. 139 years) he namely considerspassed away
人物简介
张衡（78-139），字平子，南阳西鄂（今河南南阳县石桥镇）人。他是我国东汉时期伟大的天文学家，为我国天文学的发展作出了不可磨灭的贡献；在数学、地理、绘画和文学等方面，张衡也表现出了非凡的才能和广博的学识。

张衡是东汉中期浑天说的代表人物之一；他指出月球本身并不发光，月光其实是日光的反射；他还正确地解释了月食的成因，并且认识到宇宙的无限性和行星运动的快慢与距离地球远近的关系。

张衡观测记录了两千五百颗恒星，创制了世界上第一架能比较准确地表演天象的漏水转浑天仪，第一架测试地震的仪器——候风地动仪，还制造出了指南车、自动记里鼓车、飞行数里的木鸟等等。

张衡共著有科学、哲学、和文学著作三十二篇，其中天文著作有《灵宪》和《灵宪图》等。

为了纪念张衡的功绩，人们将月球背面的一环形山命名为“张衡环形山”，将小行星1802命名为“张衡小行星”。

20世纪中国著名文学家、历史学家郭沫若对张衡的评价是：“如此全面发展之人物，在世界史中亦所罕见，万祀千龄，令人景仰。”
后世称张衡为木圣（科圣）。张衡字平子。南阳郡西鄂县(今河南南阳)人。东汉建初三年(公元78年)生；永和四年(公元139年)卒。天文学、机械技术、地震学。

《张衡传》
张衡传（出自范晔《后汉书》）
原文:
张衡，字平子，南阳西鄂人也。衡少善属文，游于三辅，因入京师，观太学，遂通五经，贯六艺。虽才高于世，而无骄尚之情。常从容淡静，不好交接欲人。永元中，举孝廉不行，连辟公府不就。时天下承平日久，自王侯以下莫不逾侈。衡乃拟班固《两都》作《二京赋》，因以讽谏。精思傅会，十年乃成。大将军邓骘奇其才，累召不应。
衡善机巧，尤致思于天文阴阳历算。安帝雅闻衡善术学，公车特征拜郎中，再迁为太史令。遂乃研核阴阳，妙尽璇机之正，作浑天仪，著《灵宪》、《算罔论》，言甚详明。
顺帝初，再转复为太史令。衡不慕当世，所居之官辄积年不徙。自去史职，五载复还。
阳嘉元年，复造候风地动仪。以精铜铸成，员径八尺，合盖隆起，形似酒尊，饰以篆文山龟鸟兽之形。中有都柱，傍行八道，施关发机。外有八龙，首衔铜丸，下有蟾蜍，张口承之。其牙机巧制，皆隐在尊中，覆盖周密无际。如有地动，尊则振龙，机发吐丸，而蟾蜍衔之。振声激扬，伺者因此觉知。虽一龙发机，而七首不动，寻其方面，乃知震之所在。验之以事，合契若神。自书典所记，未之有也。尝一龙机发而地不觉动，京师学者咸怪其无征。后数日驿至，果地震陇西，于是皆服其妙。自此以后，乃令史官记地动所从方起。
时政事渐损，权移于下，衡因上疏陈事。……
初，光武善谶，及显宗、肃宗因祖述焉。自中兴之后，儒者争学图纬，兼复附以妖言。衡以图纬虚妄，非圣人之法，乃上疏。……
后迁侍中，帝引在帷幄，讽议左右。尝问衡天下所疾恶者。宦官惧其毁己，皆共目之，衡乃诡对而出。阉竖恐终为其患，遂共谗之。
衡常思图身之事，以为吉凶倚仗，幽微难明。乃作《思玄赋》以宣寄情志。……
永和初，出为河间相。时国王骄奢，不遵典宪；又多豪右，共为不轨。衡下车，治威严，整法度，阴知奸党名姓，一时收禽，上下肃然，称为政理。视事三年，上书乞骸骨，征拜尚书。年六十二，永和四年卒。
著《周官训诂》，崔瑗以为不能有异于诸儒也。又欲继孔子《易》说《彖》、《象》残缺者，竟不能就。所著诗、赋、铭、七言、《灵宪》、《应闲》、《七辩》、《巡诰》、《悬图》凡三十二篇。

人物的历史
张衡出身于名门望族。其祖父张堪自小志高力行，被人称为圣童，曾把家传余财数百万让给他的侄子。光武帝登基后张堪受荐拜官。曾被任为蜀郡太守随大司马吴汉讨伐割据蜀郡的公孙述，立有大功。其后又领兵抗击匈奴有功，拜为渔阳(今北京附近)太守。曾以数千骑兵击破匈奴来犯的一万骑兵。此后在他的任期内匈奴再也没有敢来侵扰。他又教人民耕种，开稻田八千顷，人民由此致富。所以，有民谣歌颂他说：“张君为政，乐不可支。”张堪为官清廉。伐蜀时他是首先攻入成都的，但他对公孙述留下的堆积如山的珍宝毫无所取。蜀郡号称天府，但张堪在奉调离蜀郡太守任时乘的是一辆破车，携带的只有一卷布被囊。
张衡像他的祖父一样，自小刻苦向学，很有文采。16岁以后曾离开家乡到外地游学。他先到了当时的学术文化中心三辅(今陕西西安一带)。这一地区壮丽的山河和宏伟的秦汉古都遗址给他提供了丰富的文学创作素材。以后又到了东汉首都洛阳。在那儿，他进过当时的最高学府——太学，结识了一位青年学者崔瑗，与他结为挚友。崔瑗是当时的经学家、天文学家贾逵的学生，也精通天文、历法、数学等学问。和帝永元十二年(公元100年)张衡应南阳太守鲍德之请，作了他的主簿，掌管文书工作。8年后鲍德调任京师，张衡即辞官居家。在南阳期间他致力于探讨天文、阴阳、历算等学问，并反复研究西汉扬雄著的《太玄经》。他在这些方面的名声引起了汉安帝的注意。永初五年(公元111年)张衡被征召进京，拜为郎中。
元初元年(公元114年)迁尚书郎。次年，迁太史令。以后曾调任他职，但5年后复为太史令。总计前后任此职达14年之久，张衡许多重大的科学研究工作都是在这一阶段里完成的。顺帝阳嘉二年(公元133年)升为侍中。但不久受到宦官排挤中伤，于永和元年(公元136年)调到京外，任河间王刘政的相。刘政是个骄横奢侈、不守中央法典的人，地方许多豪强与他共为不法。张衡到任后严整法纪，打击豪强，使得上下肃然。3年后，他向顺帝上表请求退休，但朝廷却征拜他为尚书。此事颇有蹊跷，因尚书的官职远低于侍中或相，他是否应征，史载不彰。就在这一年(永和四年，即公元139年)他即告逝世。