Characterisation of anodic layers on Cu–10Sn bronze (RDE) in aerated NaCl solution
a b s t r a c t
The anodic surfaces formed on Cu–10Sn (wt.%) alloy (a-bronze) are investigated in aerated 0.1 Maqueous chloride solution, using electrochemical reduction and characterisation methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On the whole anodic domain, investigations performed on a bronze rotating disk electrode (RDE) reveal the systematic formation of a uniform oxidation layer. It is evidenced that the chemical composition of the layer varies with the applied anodic potential, but also that the latter always exhibits a poorly crystallised (probably nanocrystalline) hydrated and hydroxylated nature. Close to Eoc, the compounds are mainly (hydroxide) oxides of tin and copper, incorporating very low amounts of chlorides. At intermediate oxidation potentials corresponding to the active–passive transition, the first oxidation peak corresponds to the formation of hydrated tin
oxyhydroxide chloride species which transforms in a more stable one – probably related to theSn(II)?Sn(IV) oxidation. At higher anodic potential, on the current plateau, the layer contains hydrated tin (IV) oxyhydroxide and copper chloride (mainly CuCl). However, XRD and XPS results reveal that the barrier layer has a complex nature, including unidentified products and different spatially distributed charged surface zones. The corrosion mechanism involves an internal oxidation of the alloy linked to a preferential dissolution of copper, namely a decuprification. A decuprification factor fCu is defined and calculated. Both fCu and the layer thickness increase with the applied potential. We show unambiguously that the tin compounds remain in the corrosion layer, acting as stabilizing species. It is suggested that the tin species promote the formation of a network as for tin oxide xerogel, through which copper ions and anions migrate. Both the layer microstructure and the decuprification factor (fCu) are in agreement with those found in Type I patina of ancient bronzes.
_ 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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4.1.2 Market segmentation, targeting At present the majority of the population based on their personal savings, personal property as a primary means of preserving and increasing, but a matter of fact, residents have not brought about through savings to their income too much. However,...
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第一段翻译如下 Cause that the business managing money matters to our country individual springs up, (2008) regards as mighty torrent being that macro-economy increases by rapidly first, that the people invisible income escalation has establish a material base for the plan managing money...
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but also to the selection of commercial banks as well as personal investment trust products that are difficult. But have not yet developed the domestic insurance market,
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I'm very sorry, the past few days I was on vacation. After discussing with my boss, he\/she (他\/她) is willing to compensate for your loss, but only after you complete your order.自己翻译的,有什么问题请追问 、希望及时采纳—— ♥ 多谢 ⌒_⌒ ...
会英文的帮忙把下面段话翻译成中文(谢绝使用网上翻译器):
大号一集装箱价格 小号一集装箱价格 订购数量:现在可以每件定一件样品供检验通过 每个型号一集装箱起订 以后每月可以订400 到600件 时间:现在可以马上电汇样品的钱 样品通过检验后马上订集装箱的货 请告诉我们样品需要多久,集装箱的货需要多久。型号要求我会另写信通知。多快能把报价给我们?
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4.2 within the banking system to improve 4.2.1 technical innovation and research Technical innovation and research, first of all, increase the technical inputs, and improve technology systems. First, strengthening to facilitate customer transactions. As soon as possible the development of...
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days ago.She said she had a month to have fun.Do you have time to visit China and see me along?haha!At the time she can be your free guide!Now it is ver hot in China.I have a bad piece of news to tell you.That is my English has not been greatly improved....
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personalized financial services for the customers is also a necessary trendy for the business enlargement of various commercial banks. Given our country's commercial banks' status quo and the existing questions aforementioned, the strategies for the development of Chinese commercial banks' Per...
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1. Please provide (on separate paper) an organizational chart of your corporation. 请提供(在另外一张纸上)一份你们公司的组织结构图。2. Please indicate approximate total sales ($) for your corporation. 请简要的,大概说明一下你们公司的销售情况。3. Please specify markets that you ...
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翻译:In fact, the volcanic rock is the rock magma which comes out by the volcanic eruption, when the rock magma rises to the close surface altitude is, its temperature and the pressure started to drop, have had physics and the chemical change, the rock magma turned the volcanic...