哪位高手帮我翻译一下这段话，谢谢

Question

四、信用证软条款 的识别
防范信用证软条款的关键在于建立一套行之有效的识别标准，用来检验信用证中是否合有软条款、软条款属于哪种类型、对我方受益人有什么程度的影响，以此决定采取何种相应的保护措施。笔者认为，可以出口贸易的流转程序为基础，将识别信用证软条款的标准划分为信用证生效环节、货物检验环节、货物装船环节以及贷物验收环节四大类。
(一)信用证生效环节
按照正常情况，受益人收到的信用证应当是巳生效的信用证，这样受益人才能放心地准备发货。但是，有一类信用证软条款却是规定开来的信用证暂不生效，待到货样经开证申请人确认后再通知生效，或待进口许可证签发后再通知生效，或由开证行签发通知后生效。不管此类软条款形式如何变化，其本质都是一点：信用证必须在满足开证申请人提出的某些条件后才生效。这样，开证申请人完全掌握了信用证的主动权。这种情况一般发生在开证申请人为实力不太雄厚的中间商，其中最容易迷惑我方受益人的条款就是由开证申请人检验货物样品合格后才通知信用证生效。由于我方受益人认为自己已经按合同规定寄出了符合质量要求的样品，因此也开始着手积极准备发货。即使样品与合同规定的质量要求完全一致，只要开证申请人由于市场变化而拒绝发送生效通知，我方受益人手中的信用证仍然毫无意义
(二)、货物检验环节
该环节是信用证软条款最易出现的环节之一。一般信用证均规定以卖方所在国检验
机构出具的检验证书作为议付单据，但是，此类软条款却规定:品质证书由开证申请人出具，或须由开证行核实，或须与开证行存档之样相符。这样，只有开证申请人出具或经过其同意的品质证书才能作为议付单据，等于把是否接受货物的主动权交给了开证申请人，违背了正常的国际贸易程序。此类软条款又往往与开证申请人企图诈骗受益人预付的履约保证金或开证押金有关。开证申请人一旦收到上述预付款项，便对货物品质横加挑剔，拒绝签发品质证书，或声称我方出具的品质证书不符合开证行存样的样本，最终达到欺诈的目的。这类软条款在我国实践中常有发现。
例如，1992年8月吉林省某外贸公司与美国纽约某企业公司签订了出口河卵石的合同。合同中规定中方须先付给美方25万元人民币履约保证金。9月，美方开来的信用证中要求由买方(开让申请人)到口岸验货，签署质量检验证明。后来，美方一再拒绝派人检验，致使信用证逾期，给中方公司造成直接损失40余万元。
(三)货物装船环节
开证申请人常在货物装船环节大作文章，针对该环节规定各类软条款。常见的几种有：1）规定装运港、装船日期或目的港须由开证申请人通知或须经其同意，并以修改书形式通知;2）规定船公司、船名须由开证申请人指定；3）规定受益方只有取得开证申请人指．定验货人签发的装船通知后才能装船；4）规定受益人必须提供指定船公司出具的提单或货物必须装上指定船只。这类软条款使得开证申请人掌握了货物是否装船、何时装船的．主动权，使我方受益人陷于两难境地:一方面不能不准备发货，另一方面又无法掌握发货"日期，随时可能造成信用证逾期。

Answer 1

Fourth, discernment of soft clause of letter of credit
The key of taking precautions against the soft clause of the letter of credit lies in setting up a set of effectual discernment standards, used for, examine letter of credit have which type is soft clause, soft clause, what influence of intensity beneficiary have to us jointly, determine which kind of corresponding protective measure to take with this. I think, based on the procedure of circulating of all right export trade, discern letter of credit soft standard of clause divide into letter of credit come into force link, goods examine link, goods ship link and loan thing confirm links 4 big classes.
(1) the links of coming into force of the letter of credit
According to the normal situation, the letter of credit that the beneficiary received should be the letter of credit that the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches came into force, in this way the beneficiary could rest assured to plan to deliver. But have one letter of credit soft clause whether letter of credit come to stipulate wouldn't come into force, sample open an letter of credit applicant notify and come into force confirm, or notify and come into force after the import license is issued by the time, or sign and issue the notice by issuing bank, come into force. No matter what a change this kind of soft clause form is, their essence is some: Letter of credit must in meet, open an letter of credit some terms that applicant get out of just come into force. In this way, open an letter of credit applicant at all know the initiative of the letter of credit.This kind of situation generally takes place and opens an letter of credit and applies for to the intermediate trader not very rich of the artificial capability, among them most apt to confuse we clause of beneficiary to open an letter of credit applicant examine goods just tell the letter of credit to come into force after being sample qualified. Because we beneficiary think oneself send sample to accord with the quality requirement according to contract regulation already, so start and plan to deliver actively. Even if sample and quality requirement that contract stipulate totally identical, open an letter of credit applicant refuse to send the notice of coming into force because of turn of the market, the letter of credit of our benefited hand is still meaningless.
(2) goods examine links
This link is one of links apts to present the most of soft clause of a letter of credit. The general letter of credit stipulates that examines the inspection certificate that the organization provides as the negotiable document with seller's country, however, this kind of soft clause stipulates: Quality certificate open an letter of credit applicant provide, must verify by issuing bank, or need be in conformity with kind that the issuing bank file. In this way, the quality certificate ability that the applicant provides or has the concurrence of it, as the negotiable document that only open an letter of credit, equal to to applicants accepting the initiatives of the goodsing, have violated the normal international trade procedure.Soft clause this kind of often with open an letter of credit applicant attempt, swindle performance bond that beneficiary prepay or open an letter of credit deposit have something to do. Open an letter of credit once applicant receive described above to prepay fund, nitpick willfully to goods quality, refuse to issue the quality certificate, or claim the quality certificate which we provided does not accord with the issuing bank to store the sample of kind, achieve the goal of swindling finally. This kind of soft clause is often found in our country's practice.
For example, the contract that one foreign trade Company in Jilin Province signed with one enterprise-like corporation in New York of U.S.A. the river cobble of exporting to of August of 1992. Stipulate in the contract Chinese side must pay performance bond of 250,000 yuan to American side first. September, letter of credit that American side come require, examine goods by buyer (turn on, let applicant) to the port, sign quality inspection to prove. Later, American side refused to send someone to examine constantly, caused the letter of credit to exceed the time limit, caused more than 400,000 yuan of direct loss to Chinese company.
(3) the link that goods are shippeds
Open an letter of credit applicant ship link make a fuss, stipulate all kinds of soft clauses to this link in goods often. Common several kinds are as follows, 1)stipulate port of shipment, ship date or destination port must open an letter of credit applicant notify or need get the permission of it, and notify in the form of revising the book; 2)Stipulate ship Company, name of vessel must open an letter of credit applicant appoint; 3)Stipulate the benefited side only obtains and opens an letter of credit the applicant refers to. Examine goods behind the shipping note that people issue shipping definitely;4)Stipulate beneficiaries must offer and must install the appointed ship to appoint in ship bill of lading or goods which companies provides. The soft clause make, open an letter of credit applicant grasp goods ship, when ship. The initiative, make our beneficiary sink into a dilemma: On one hand it plan, deliver, on the other hand also unable to grasp, deliver " date, may cause the letter of credit to exceed the time limit at any time.

Answer 2

4, letters of credit soft terms of the identification <br> Letters of credit provisions of the Prevention of soft key lies in the establishment of a well-established identification standards used to test whether the letters of credit in terms of a soft, soft terms of the type of our beneficiaries have what extent the impact of this decision What the appropriate protective measures. The author believes that the circulation can export trade procedures based on soft terms of the letter of credit will identify the standards of letters of credit for the entry into force of links, cargo inspection areas, cargo loading areas and acceptance of part of loan-to-four categories. <br> (A) part of the entry into force of letters of credit <br> Under normal circumstances, the beneficiaries should be received by the letters of credit have been in force letters of credit, so beneficiaries can be assured preparing shipments. However, there is a category of soft terms of the letter of credit is provided to open letters of credit not to come into effect, pending the arrival like a card applicant to confirm the entry into force after notification, or import permits to be issued after the notice in force, or by issuing line Issued after the date of notification. Whether such changes in the form of soft terms, its essence is this: open letters of credit cards must meet certain conditions by the applicant after the entry into force. In this way, issuing a letter of credit applicants fully grasp the initiative. This situation occurred in the open general licence applicants for the strength is not strong brokers, one of the most easy to confuse the terms of our beneficiaries is by issuing qualified applicants test sample after the notice of the entry into force of letters of credit. As we consider themselves beneficiaries of the contract has been sent to meet the quality requirements of the sample and, therefore, started active preparations for shipment. Even if the samples and quality requirements stipulated in the contract exactly the same, as long as the applicant a permit because of changes in the market and refused to enter into force sent notice of our hands of the beneficiaries of letters of credit are still no sense <br> (2), cargo inspection links <br> The letter of credit is part of the soft terms of the most vulnerable sectors of. General letters of credit require the seller to test the host country <br> Inspection certificate issued by the agency as a negotiating document, however, has such soft terms: by issuing quality certificates issued by the applicant, or by issuing to verify, or to be filed with the issuing of the line-line. In this way, only a permit issued by the applicant or through its consent to the quality of the certificate as a negotiating document, equivalent to whether or not to accept the initiative of goods to the applicant a permit, contrary to normal international trade procedures. Such provisions are often soft and issuing the applicant attempted to defraud the beneficiaries of the prepaid card performance bond or a deposit on. Once the applicant a certificate of receipt of the advance payment, it flagrantly critical of the quality of the goods, refuse to issue quality certificates, or that our quality certificate issued by the issuing firms do not meet the kind of samples, and ultimately achieving the purpose of fraud. Such soft terms in China's often found in practice. <br> For example, in August 1992 a foreign trade company in Jilin Province and the New York company has signed an enterprise exports river gravel contract. China provided for in the contract requires the U.S. side to pay 250,000 yuan performance bond. September, the United States to open letters of credit requested by the buyer (open to the applicant) to port inspection, quality inspection proved to sign. Later, the United States has repeatedly refused to send people to test, resulting in overdue letters of credit, the Chinese side to cause direct loss of 40 million. <br> (C) goods shipped links <br> Applicants often issuing cargo shipping links masterpiece in the article, the link provided for all types of soft terms. Several common are: 1) provides port of shipment, shipping date or the purpose of issuing the applicant shall be subject to their consent or notice, and to modify the form of notice; 2) to require shipping companies, opened by Name Permit applicants designated 3) to require beneficiaries only that the applicant obtain a permit. For inspection issued by the shipment to shipment notification, 4) to require the designated beneficiary must provide a bill of lading issued by the shipping company or cargo to be loaded on ships specified. Soft terms of making such a permit if the applicant have the goods shipped, when the shipment. Initiative so that our beneficiaries in a dilemma: on the one hand can not prepare shipments, on the other hand, unable to grasp shipping "date, at any time may cause letters of credit overdue.

Answer 3

150芬还差不多