我国工程界习惯于以一个整体结构单元来区分结构类别。例如在混凝土结构这个总概念下包含了素混凝土结构、钢筋混凝土结构和预应力混凝土结构。但美国学术界和工程界考虑到一个整体结构中可能某些构件或部件采用钢筋混凝土,另一些构件或部件则可能使用素混凝土或预应力混凝土,也可能使用钢结构。因此,他们近20余年来使用了“起结构作用的混凝土”(Structural Concrete)这样一个概念。本译文为了简便译为“结构混凝土”。根据这本规范第2.2节的定义,结构混凝土是素混凝土、钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土的集成。这样,就可以不受一个整体结构的限制,而把结构混凝土或其包括的素混凝土、钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土作为说明结构某一部分采用的构成形式的专业术语来使用。
3.从整体上说美国的结构混凝土设计所用的可靠度表达方式与我国规范有一定的相似之处,但在设计用荷载和设计用材料强度的取值水准上以及可靠度的表达方式上与我国规范有不可忽视的区别。如果以某个构件的截面设计为例,美国规范在“作用”一侧也是以规范规定的荷载取值(其含义与我国荷载标准值类似,但各项荷载的取值有区别)为依据,并将其乘以荷载系数,同时考虑荷载组合(荷载系数与荷载组合原则与我国规范不完全相同)。而在“抗力”一侧,美国规范是用各类材料的标准值计算出的“名义强度”(nominal strength)乘以一个各类构件取值不同的强度降低系数 来获得设计强度的,其中的 所起的作用类似于我国通过材料分项系数将各类材料的标准值降低为材料的设计值。但应注意,美国规范的各类材料的标准强度取值原则也与中国规范不同。当需要具体对比美国规范和中国规范相应材料的设计可靠度水准时,应注意查清中、美两国在“作用”和“抗力”各方所涉及的各项因素的取值原则和取值依据上的一系列重要区别。
美国建筑规范只能给出为了公众的健康和安全而必需提供的最低要求。规范是基于这一原则制定的。对于任何结构,业主和结构设计人都可以从保护公众的角度要求所需要的比规范提出的最低要求更高的材料和施工质量。但不允许更低的标准。
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