Enron: A Financial Reporting Failure?
The dramatic collapse of Enron Corporation, following a series of disclosures of accounting improprieties, has led many to question the soundness of current accounting and financial reporting standards. Within Enron's reported financial statements, including related note disclosures, were there signs of Enron's accounting and economic issues? Should an astute investor or analyst have been suspicious of Enron's reported results? How did management hide debt, inflate profits, and support a stock price that considerably overstated the firm's value? Did Enron incorrectly apply existing standards, or do these rules permit the accounting "gimmickry" that allowed Enron to obscure its true financial position? This paper attempts to answer these questions by examining the two financial reporting issues that contributed to Enron's most significant accounting restatements: the consolidation of special purpose entities (SPEs) and the issuance of stock for notes receivable.
First, we examine Enron's financial performance during the 10 years prior to its declaration of bankruptcy. This analysis reveals increasing variability of key performance measures from 1997 through 2000, a time during which Enron's stock price generally outperformed the NASDAQ composite. Additionally, using metrics developed to measure the likelihood of earnings management, we find a high probability of earnings manipulation in Enron's financial statements for several years preceding its bankruptcy. These results are particularly surprising because they are based on Enron's reported financial results, which we now know were erroneous. This investigation suggests that considerable evidence existed that should have lead analysts, sophisticated investors, and regulators to question Enron's financial results and soaring stock price.
Next, we briefly describe the accounting and financial reporting standards applicable to Enron's consolidation of SPEs and issuance of stock for notes receivable. We specifically discuss three major sets of transactions in which Enron created SPEs to hold assets, borrow money, and hedge fluctuations in the value of its investment activities. In each case, we identify whether Enron's treatment of these SPEs complied with or failed to meet the requirements of existing accounting principles. We also discuss the impact of these transactions on Enron's true financial position and how its reporting of these transactions obscured their economic substance. Several of these transactions involved Enron exchanging its own stock for notes receivable from the SPEs. The financial reporting implications of these transactions also are discussed. We conclude with a summary of important issues for consideration by accounting standard setters.
非常感谢~只是第三段的翻译显示不出来,您能不能帮我补上第三段的翻译啊!
感激啊!
...翻译一下这篇文章! 我很急!万分感谢了!不要机器翻译啊!
接下来,我们简要地描述了会计和财务报告准则适用于安然的固结SPEs和发行
外贸英语翻译。麻烦大家帮我。不要机器翻!谢谢!!
If you find anything mistaken in these documents, please notify me. If not, I will contact the freight forwarding company immediately.I've also consulted Ms.Gao for the H.S.Code, and she said it was different from previous years, so I have to look it up. From what I found...
...翻一下这篇资料,本人急用,不甚感谢!谢绝软件翻译
Roof Fans Take-frame right-left-upper and lower motor Take-up Take-up frame shifted to the right upper and lower electric motors Take-frame left frame right upper motor contactor closed closed closed rack shelf right lower contactor contactor closed upper left lower left frame contacto...
求英语文章翻译
Almost all of us believe that we live in an age of uncouth manners, that things were better in some previous era. For example, the 18th century in English is known as a period of high refinement in social intercourse. We look back with nostalgia to the soft candlelight, the ...
...翻译成英文,谢谢QWQ!最好不要机器翻译!万分感谢QAQ
翻译为:Wilma Rudolph crippled by polio, the childhood pneumonia, polio, need to rely on one foot formwork corrective shoes to walk little girl in the 1960 Rome Olympics track and field events still won three gold medal. The Olympic legendary figure born in June 23, 1940, was a...
帮忙翻译一下这一段英语 要人工翻译
I cannot thank you enough, Michael, for sharing your energy with us.迈克尔,对于你分享给我们的能量,我怎样都无法表达我的谢意, You have inspired me to follow my dreams and to keep going in the face of adversity.是你鼓励我要追逐自己的梦想,即使遇到阻挠也不要放弃 It's not all ...
请高手翻译这个简短信件,谢谢了
その中1篇を取り消して落ちることを现して、最后に2篇の论文の全文に提出する。前回のあなたの手纸の中でまるでもこの问题に言及した。たいへんあなたの私达に対する関心に感谢して、心から祈愿大会は円満な成功を得る。First of all, please forgive my saying feelings of a deep ...
急!求英语高手帮我把下面一段话译成英文,万分感谢!!!
put forward some thoughts about the optimization of value chain, extension of industrial chain, strengthening cooperation between enterprises and international third-party logistics.怎么都是大长句呀……太难翻了……第一句我分开翻了哈。本来就不是学这个的……楼上的机器翻译就不用看了吧……...
谁能帮我用英文翻译信件 万分感谢 很简短
我顺利已收到你的二封来信,在些我要先谢谢你对我们国家的那场灾难的关心表示真诚的谢意。而他们在 政府及各界人民的帮助下也已重建家园,那些失去父母的孩童也得到最妥善的安排。请放心我这并未波及到。在信中看到您说你们去了葡萄牙?那边的风景一定很漂亮。而我在怀念去年希腊风光的同时,在今年的...
...老板发邮件英文很差希望有人帮忙下,不要机器翻译的啊,万分感谢...
I fell down on my way back home after work last Tuesday. After that the sole of the foot became swollen. As confirmed by the doctor, I have got soft tissue injury on my foot, and he suggest me to have a rest for 2 weeks. So I would like to apply for a sick leave ...