The forces that act on a structure are called loads. They belong to one of two bread categories: dead load and live load. Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself, which is sometimes called the self-weight. In addition to the weight of the structure, dead loads in a building include the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings, partitions, and suspended ceilings (with light fixtures, mechanical equipment, and plumbing.) All of the loads mentioned thus far are forces resulting from gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. They may or may not be acting on the structure at any given time, and the location may not be fixed. Examples of live loads include furniture, equipment, and occupants of buildings. In general, the magnitude of a live load is not as well defined as that of a dead load, and it usually must be estimated. In many cases, a structural member must be investigated for various positions of a live load so that a potential failure condition is not overlooked.
If a live load is applied slowly and is not removed and is reapplied an excessive number of times, the structure can be analyzed as if the load were static. If the load is applied suddenly, as would be the case when the structure supports a moving crane, the effects of impact must be accounted for. If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure, fatigue stress becomes a problem, and its effects must be accounted for. Impact loading occurs in relatively few buildings, notably industrial buildings, and fatigue loading is rare, with thousands of load cycles over the life of the structure required before fatigue becomes a problem. For these reasons, all loading conditions in this book will be treated as static, and fatigue will not be considered.
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dead load 固定负载 live load, 活荷载;活载重,活负载 地面装饰及地毯floor coverings Partitions 隔墙系统 light fixtures灯具 厕、浴间设备plumbing fixtures moving crane行走中的吊车 作用于一个建筑结构的力叫做“负载”。他们属于两个相对应的类别之一:固定负载和活负载。固定负载是那些恒定不变的负...
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英语高手请进,一句英文翻译成中文
艾米需要组织好各种事实,以便做一个良好的展示。
英语翻译! 高手请进!
I am passionate about my major 我觉得体育是一种竞技美 力量美 I believe that sports is an art of contest and strength.我还很爱好街舞 I also love street dancing.也曾参赛获得奖项 I've won awards in competitions.我是一个乐观的人 I am an optimist.做事情积极向上 I am driven and...
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我们很高兴的从王先生和李女士的公司得知您在中国由于成为抗氧化剂(包括汽油添加剂)的主要生产者而受到赞誉的美名。根据您的要求,在www.atcl-chem.com,Allytech的大概内容可以被查阅到。我们是在中国上海的一家Allytech的公司,并且是一家电子商务的团队或者说是我们整个团队的的一个重要开放窗口。allyt...
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I'm so young that many beautiful things are still waiting for me.So I should live nicely and happily without wasting my life.I wish the ones whom I love happy and the ones who love me easy.I want to turn back to the happy and active me.I can't continue like this.I ...
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一.翻译下列条款 阿从英文到中国:1 。平等和互利2.EMP 3 。柜台提供4.proforma发票 5 。进口许可证6 。世贸组织7 。提货8.packing名单9.bid 10.landing重量 B:中文译英语:1. 2 asked. FOB port of shipment (full name) 3. The current price of 4. 5 confirmation of the sale. ...
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每个人都needs.but一次的基本需要,已涵盖的客户变得更加choosy.they寻找替代品,他们希望更好的产品,而且他们更难以satisfy.a满意的客户是一个谁是高兴与他bought.it重要的是要知道他需要什么会请他,何时及如何,他需要的变化,因为我们必须作好准备,改变我们的产品在同样的方式。
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