进入经济全球化过程的实质意义不仅是最大限度地实行经济开放和国际贸易的自由化,而且,更重要的是要建立一种更有效、更公平的国际竞争秩序,即国际产业组织 的体制和政策框架。产业组织的体制和政策框架的根本问题是,形成有利于企业间有效竞争而有可能获得最有市场绩效的市场结构。因此,在经济全球化的条件下, 我国政府在民航运输业发展中需要解决的最重要的问题是:形成有利于有效的、公平的竞争与合作的制度环境,而非其它。
在既得利益集团的行业利益与政府的利税增进的利益方向一致时,管制制度安排变革往往是需要外部的压力。这种压力主要来自于其他的可替代运输方式运营效率的提高和入世后国外高效率运营的民航运输业的残酷竞争。
二、民航运输业发展的成本制约因素
决定旅客是否乘坐飞机的主要因素之一是票价的高低。就绝对票价而言,中国的票价就已高出美国票价的16%,这里的美国票价还是所有舱位的平均价,而中国的票价则是经济舱的价格,如果中国的票价计入头等舱的价格则会更高。
1999年,美国平均每人乘飞机5次以上,而中国平均每20.5人中才有1人乘飞机1次。如果中国每年平均2个人中有1人乘1次飞机,一年的客运量就将超过6亿人次,这个数字将是1999年的10倍以上。郑兴无在《WTO与航空运输业的开放》中认为票价过高造成中国航空公司的载运率普遍不高,从20世纪80年代平均的59%下降到现在的57%以下。也许,郑的观点换个说法更准确些:在我国现在的收入水平下,票价过高成为影响载运率的重要因素。
关于“民航机票价格为什么会过高”,笔者曾与南方航空公司的员工交流过,他们的回答是,民航运输的主要成本是油料和员工工资,油料的价格一直居高不下,员工工资具有刚性,所以机票价格这样定实在是成本高,不得已而为之。
据统计材料,航材进口关税税率为2-30%之间,增值税税率为17%,航材进口平均综合税率为30%,这大大增加了航空运输企业的生产成本。而且,国际市场航空煤油平均价格为1.6元/kg,关税为9%、增值税税率为17%,完税价格为2.04元/kg,比国际价格上升了27.5%;而国内市场价格为2.43元/kg,比国际价格上升了52%。1997年仅民航直属企业耗油327.5万吨,由于国内外价格差这一项,这些企业多支付27.2亿元的航空煤油成本,几乎相当于全行业的亏损额。再加上,在外部成本没有发生变化的情况下,去年民航业出现全行业巨额亏损,其根本原因是居高不下的内部运营成本所致。国际经验表明,民航机票销售成本相当于旅客收入的17%,节约销售成本是降低票价的主要途径之一。而推广因特网上销售机票,与传统旅行社订票相比可节约75%的销售成本;取消纸机票,实行电子机票同样可以降低销售成本(在美国电子机票已占出票总数的50%);打破独家行政垄断的全国订票系统,允许跨国公司参与竞争,也可以降低各民航企业的销售成本。
谢谢2楼和3楼的达人 我需要时间看一下 还有一个问题想请教一下为什么你们的翻译都一样?用的是统一款软件?
真的很感谢大家 我用的是雅信2.5专业版但是用不来 还有这个文章的上半部分 还请大家多帮忙http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/39397813.html
高分!各位高手,帮忙翻译一篇文章,中译英,谢了!采纳以后再追加20...
Life is just like going to school: primary school, middle school, high school and college so on and so forth. And whenever you start your first year, it's a sign that you've already stepped into the next stage of your life. You can say without discretion that the success ...
求高手帮忙翻译(中译英)不要网上翻译。谢谢
1.那样做是愚蠢的。 Doing it like that is foolish.2.这样活着就是享受人生。 Living like this is just sharing the life.3.我想知道答案。 I want to know the answer.4.吃始终是件乐事。 Eating is always a happy thing.5.我们将随时通知你所发生的一切。We will notice yo...
高手帮忙翻译一下这篇文章(汉译英),急!谢了。
The Internet development for the government the structure, the Enterprises and institutions has brought the revolutionary reform and the opening. They through are raising the working efficiency and the market reaction rate diligently using Internet, with the aim of having the competitive powe...
高手帮忙翻译一篇文章 中翻英 急用 谢谢
China's civil air transport services should be said that has not faced a real sense of fierce competition in the market (especially the domestic routes). Even occasional storms have that
请英语高手帮忙翻译一下这篇对话,中翻英,不要翻译机的翻译,谢谢
B:是啊,中国人缺少拥抱,缺少肌肤之亲。我们不善于用肢体动作来表达人与人之间的友好和亲近。you are right,the Chinese is lack of hugs and some intimate behaviours.We are not good at expressing our friendship and intimacy with out body actions.A:是的,我觉得这是一个很大的遗憾。I ...
请高手帮忙,翻译英文信,中译英!谢谢
a better weather on Christmas Day. My family and I will work on Christmas Day.What is your plan for Chrismas? You must have exciting plans.My grandma, dad, mom and sister would like to say hello to you, and thank you for your caring me over the time.(好就请采纳。)...
求英语高手翻译一片文章。中译英,悬赏100。留下邮箱,我发过去...
希望我有幸能够申请到这次留学的机会,谢谢!During this period in China, I have begun to take a great interest in logistic major; in view of the great shortage of logistic professionals in China, I wish to take up the excellent education in logistic courses in the U.S. and ...
英语高手帮忙翻译一篇作文(中译英)
Secondly, He found himself too weak and helpless after getting along with Charlie. The person he loved didn't love him, there was too much things that he couldn't protect. Therefore he was eager to stand on the same height as Charlie to prove that he was not that weak, and...
请英语高手帮忙翻译一下这篇短文,中翻英,急需,谢谢
Take a phenomena what we encountered in daily life for example: everyone will take buses, but few people give their sits for the elderly, children, pregnant women ! someone will get up only after the crew repeated the request several times! I really feel very sad about these ...
急求英语高手帮忙翻译一段毕业论文(中译英),谢谢啦!
the bridge design and construction of Huaian city transport development is of great significance.1.2 generate the development of interchange 1.2.1 Interchange of produce (1) the characteristics of cross-plane Planar cross-road are two or more roads intersect in the same plane or conn...