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Question

福利经济学第一定理是指经济主体的偏好被良好定义的条件下，带有再分配的价格均衡都是帕累托最优的。而作为其中的特例，任意的市场竞争均衡都是帕累托最优的。完全竞争的市场经济的一般均衡都是帕累托最优的 。 自由市场在均衡时，是帕累托有效的。第一定理是讲如果企业都追求利润，每个个人都追求自己的效益最大化，市场自然就可以达到一个社会最优的资源配置。 　　第一定理保证了竞争市场可以使贸易利益达到最大，即一组竞争市场所达到的均衡分配必定是帕累托有效配置。在完全竞争条件下，市场竞争能够通过价格有效率的协调经济活动，从而配置有限的稀缺资源实现条件
　　1. 完全竞争 2. 没有外部性 3. 没有交易成本 　　4. 完全信息 5. 不存在规模经济

对政策的启示
　　政府为了实现公平干预市场定价有可能导致市场低效率；政府为了实现公平对交易者的禀赋进行征税并不能改变帕累托有效率配置。始于任何初始商品禀赋的交易都会导致一种帕累托有效率配置。不管一个人如何重新分配禀赋，有市场力量决定的均衡配置依然是帕累托有效率配置。

福利经济学第二定理
　　福利经济学第二定理是指在完全竞争的市场条件下，政府所要做的事情是改变个人之间禀赋的初始分配状态，其余的一切都可以由市场来解决。每一种具有帕累托效率的资源配置都可以通过市场机制实现。

Answer 1

The first theorem of welfare economics is the economic subject preferences are well defined conditions, with a redistribution of the equilibrium price is Pareto optimal. But as an example, any competition in the market equilibrium is Pareto optimal. Perfect competition market economy general equilibrium is Pareto optimal. The free market in equilibrium is Pareto efficient. The first theorem is if the enterprise is the pursuit of profit, each person to pursue their own maximum benefit, the market can achieve a social optimal allocation of resources. The first theorem guarantees competition market can make trade benefit maximum, i.e. a group of competitive market reach balanced allocation must be Pareto efficient allocation. Under conditions of perfect competition, market competition through price efficient coordination of economic activity, and the allocation of limited resources condition
123complete competition without external transaction cost4 incomplete information5 does not exist economies of scaleOn the Enlightenment of policy
In order to realize the fair market price of government intervention may lead to the low efficiency of market; government in order to achieve fairness on Trader's gift taxes does not change the Pareto efficient allocation. From any initial commercial endowment transaction will lead to a Pareto efficient allocation. Whether a person how to reallocate the endowment, with market forces determine the equilibrium configuration is still Pareto efficient allocation.The second fundamental theorem of welfare economics
The second fundamental theorem of welfare economics is defined in a perfectly competitive market conditions, the government should do is to vary between individuals endowment initial allocation state, all the rest can be determined by the market to solve. Each of which having a Pareto efficient resource allocation can be achieved through market mechanism.