谁能帮我翻译成英文 太谢谢了

Question

在用餐方式上。在中国，无论什么宴席，都是大家团团围坐，共享一席，美味佳肴放在桌子中间，它既是一桌人享用的对象，又是大家交流感情的媒介。在餐桌上，中国人都喜欢互相劝酒，夹菜，举杯共欢，非常和睦生趣。而西方就不同了，当他们聚在一起吃饭或请客时，劝酒，夹菜并没有中国人那么热情，并且客人与主人之间也没有那么客气。西方人更注重个人的独立性，各吃各的，没有中国人聊欢共乐的情趣。中餐上桌的菜讲究丰盛多样，一般是8或10碟、12碟，品种多样，从主菜到汤，到甜品，到水果，次序也讲究。而西方人宴客则是以牛、羊、猪排等为主食。

在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子，汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。

筷子古时候单叫箸，箸的起源可追溯到周代，《礼记》、《荀子》、《史记》都提到箸，在《韩非子》特别提到以荒淫奢侈闻名的纣王，使用“象箸”进餐。浙江大学游修龄教授认为：东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同，和环境有关系，筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。而东汉、许慎的《说文解字》说：“箸从竹声。”则恰好验证了这样的结论。筷子的特点是“以不变应万变”，料想方的扁的，长的短的，硬的软的，统统可以一夹就起来，确实神奇。这一直很让中国人骄傲，并将其视作先进的象征。

刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉烧熟，割下来就吃。到了城市定居以后，刀叉进入家庭厨房，才不必随身带。但大约到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。所以西方使用刀叉不过四五百年历史。同筷子的简单相比，刀叉种类较多，属于专用工具，但由于这种“专”往往表现出“大巧若拙”而被国人忽视。回到餐桌上，也许应对炖得稀烂的黄豆猪蹄，筷子还能游刃有余，一旦碰上牛排，恐怕筷子就要自惭形秽了，刀叉这时表现出它们的专业特长。

仁者见仁，智者见智，关于筷子和刀叉与思维方式的关系很难得出结论。不过关于使用筷子更有利锻炼思维能力的说法却着实有科学依据。科学家们曾从生理学的观点对筷子提出一项研究成果，认定用筷子进食时，要牵动人体三十多个关节和五十多条肌肉，从而刺激大脑神经系统的活动，让人动作灵活、思维敏捷。而筷子中暗藏科学原理也是毋庸置疑的。

著名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了！”

Answer 1

In the food plan. In China, no matter what feast it is, are all that everybody round and round sit around, share a seat, delicious food put in the middle of desk, it since one target that people enjoy, it is everybody's media of exchanging emotion. On the dining table, Chinese all like urging the guests to drink each other, insert dishes, it is joyous to cheer altogether, very harmonic joy of life.And the west is different, as they get together and have a meal or when being the host to entertain, urge the guests to drink, insert dish to be as Chinese hospitable, and guest and owner have courteous then. Westerners pay attention to personal independence even more, each eat, there are no Chinese to have a chat joyously altogether happy temperament and interest. The dish of the desk stresses sumptuously and variously on Chinese food, is generally 8 or 10 dishes, 12 dishes, numerous in variety, from main dish to soup, to the desserts, to the fruit, order is exquisite too. Westerners entertain guests at a banquet to regard ox, sheep, pork chop,etc. as the staple food.

In tableware, the difference, on very more obviously. As everyone knows, Chinese include some countries of yellow of Asia, the ones that were used are chopsticks, soup spoon, have a meal and hold with the bowl too; And westerners, it is the plate that holds the food, cut and take promptly promptly with the cutlery, have special soup spoons to eat soup. Chopsticks and cutlery, as two kinds of most representative tablewares between east and west, chopsticks and cutlery have influenced different life styles between east and west, represent two kinds of different intelligence.

Chopsticks in ancient times to call chopsticks only, origin of chopsticks can trace back to Zhou dynasty, " Book of Rites ", " Xunzi ", " Historical Records " mention the chopsticks, especially refer to it with dissolute and luxurious and well-known king Zhou " Han Feizi ", use and have meal " like the chopsticks ". A professor thinks age that Zhejiang University visits and repairs: Between east and west to eat the tool chopsticks different from cutlery, have something to do with environment, the chopsticks should rise in the place with bamboo.The Eastern Han Dynasty, let " saying document solve word ", saying careful: "The chopsticks are from the bamboo sound. "Happen to verify such a conclusion. The characteristics of the chopsticks " cope with shifting events by sticking to a fundamental principle ", suspect the square one is flat, the long one is short, a hard one soft, can in order to stand up once inserting completely, magical really. This makes Chinese proud very much straight, and regard it as advanced symbol.

The appearance of the cutlery wants late more than the chopsticks. Repaired the professor's research age according to visiting, the the cutlery one was originated from at first and was involved in habits and customs of the ancient nomadic people in Europe, they live, take knife everywhere at once, cook, familiar with meat often, cut, come down, eat right away. After going to the city to horbor, the cutlery enters the family kitchen, needn't hand-carry. But probably there were a four forks of sharp forks until the 18th century. So the west uses only history of hundred years of Forth Five-Year Plan Period of the cutlery.With the comparing briefly of the chopsticks, cutlery kinds are more, is specific purpose tools, but ignored by compatriots because this kind often demonstrate " specially " " great skill seems awkward ". Get back to dining table, should to stew completely mashed soya bean pig hoof perhaps, the chopsticks can also do a job with skill and ease, once run into the beefsteak, I'm afraid the chopsticks will feel unworthy soon, the cutlery will demonstrate their specialty at this moment.

Different people have different views, it is very difficult for the relation about the chopsticks, cutlery and mode of thinking to draw the conclusion. About use chopsticks favorable statement to temper thinking ability for scientific basis. The scientists once proposed an item of research results to the chopsticks from the physiologic view, assert take food, want, affect human body 30 more than joint and more than 50 muscles with chopsticks, stimulate brain activity of nervous system, make people to be movement flexible, thinking is quick. And it is unquestionable to hide the scientific principle in the chopsticks.

Famous physicist, winner Dr. Li Zhengdao of Nobel Prize for physics, when interviewed by a Japanese reporter, there is a section of very penetrating argumentation too: "Chinese nation is an outstanding nationality, Chinese use the chopsticks as far back as the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods. Two so simple things, but has used the lever principle on physics ingeniously and unsurpassedly. Chopsticks human extension of finger, thing it that finger can do can make nearly all, and is not afraid the high temperature is and cold. Really extremely sophisticated! "